Practice on growing of forest containerized seedlings applicable to the greenhouse complexes of the Arkhangelsk region

     S.V. Bobushkina *, A.O. Senkov, D.H. Fayzulin 

     “Northern Research Institute of Forestry”

Russia, 163062 Arkhangelsk, Nikitova St., 13

* E-mail: svetlana-bobushkina@rambler.ru

Received 25.02.2020

Accepted 24.04.2020

The need to develop and implement innovative forms of reforestation to obtain highly productive tree stands actualize the topic of the article. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze foreign experience and research on the production of softwood containerized planting stock for reforestation and compare it with the practice of greenhouse complexes in the Arkhangelsk region. We used the international bibliographic and abstract database «Scopus», which indexes scientific journals, materials from conferences and publications to search for information. A review of publications has been completed over more than a 20-year period (1999-2019). The world experience study and the results of studies on the cultivation of forest containerized seedlings, in particular, Finland, Sweden, Norway, countries similar in terms of the growth of woody vegetation and the range of tree species to the conditions of the European north of Russia made it possible to highlight current research directions. The treatment of seedlings with a short or long light day; frost resistance of the seedlings; influence of drought, excessive moisture; issues of seedling storage; diseases, pests of seedlings and control of them, as well as problems of selection and seed production; seed quality and their impact on plant growth; influence of cultivation technology and types of planting stock on the effectiveness of planting refers to them. The use of foreign plants for growing ball-rooted planting stock implies a similar technology for the production of forest seedlings in our region. However, climatic features and the availability of various consumables, such as peat, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., necessitate the adaptation of Scandinavian technologies to local conditions and the development of additional techniques. One of the main production tasks is the achievement of standard indicators by seedlings. It is not always possible to achieve the desired results in harsh taiga conditions, therefore it is necessary to use foreign experience in growing ball-rooted planting stock, which allows to increase the production of standard seedlings without compromising their quality. This is a whole range of measures, including work on breeding and seed production, the formation of a plant substrate, lighting, moisture, observing the temperature regime, storage of seedlings, combating diseases and pests, etc., which ultimately are the components of the success of artificial reforestation

Key words: container tree seedlings, substrate, reforestation, seeds, growing technology, greenhouse complex, seed growing

REFERENCES

Aldentun Y., Life cycle inventory of forest seedling production – From seed to regeneration site, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, Vol. 10, No 1, pp. 47-55, DOI: 10.1016/S0959-6526(01)00012-9

Colombo S.J., Bud dormancy status, frost hardiness, shoot moisture content, and readiness of black spruce container seedlings for frozen storage, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1990, Vol. 115, pp. 302-307.

De La Rosa T.M., Lehto T., Aphalo P.J., Does far-red light affect growth and mycorrhizas of Scots pine seedlings grown in forest soil? Plant and Soil, 1999, Vol. 211, No 2, pp. 259-268, DOI: 10.1023/A:1004630524168

Dumont J., Hirvonen T., Heikkinen V., Mistretta M., Granlund L., Himanen K., Fauch L., Porali I., Hiltunen J., Keski-Saari S., Nygren M., Oksanen E., Hauta-Kasari M., Keinänen M., Thermal and hyperspectral imaging for Norway spruce (Picea abies) seeds screening, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2015, Vol. 116, pp. 118-124, DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2015.06.010

Dumroese R.K., Heiskanen J., Englund K., Tervahauta A., Pelleted biochar: Chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, Vol. 35, No 5, pp. 2018-2027, DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.053

Fløistad I.S., Effects of excessive nutrient supply and short day treatment on autumn frost hardiness and time of bud break in Picea abies seedlings, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2002, Vol. 17, No 4, pp. 295-303, DOI: 10.1080/02827580260138053

Fløistad I.S., Eldhuset T.D., Effect of photoperiod and fertilization on shoot and fine root growth in Picea abies seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2017, Vol. 51, No 1, Article № 1704, DOI: 10.14214/sf.1704

Fløistad I.S., Granhus A., Bud break and spring frost hardiness in Picea abies seedlings in response to photoperiod and temperature treatments, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2010, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 968-976, DOI: 10.1139/X10-050

Fløistad I.S., Granhus A., Timing and duration of short-day treatment influence morphology and second bud flush in Picea abies seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2013, Vol. 47, No 3, Article № 1009, DOI: 10.14214/sf.1009

Fløistad I.S., Patil G.G., Growth and terminal bud formation in Picea abies seedlings grown with alternating diurnal temperature and different light qualities, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2002, Vol. 17, No 1, pp. 15-27, DOI: 10.1080/028275802317221046

Fundamentals of container tree seedling production, St. Petersburg, Suonenjoki: St. Petersburg Forestry Research Institute, METLA, 2011, 28 p.

Heiskanen J., Effects of compost additive in sphagnum peat growing medium on Norway spruce container seedlings, New Forests, 2013, Vol. 44, No 1, pp. 101-118, DOI: 10.1007/s11056-011-9304-6

Himanen K., Nygren M., Effects of seed pre-soaking on the emergence and early growth of containerized Norway spruce seedlings, New Forests, 2014, Vol. 45, No 1, pp. 71-82, DOI: 10.1007/s11056-013-9392-6

Himanen K., Nygren M., Seed soak-sorting prior to sowing affects the size and quality of 1.5-year-old containerized Picea abies seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2015, Vol. 49, No 3, 15 p., DOI: 10.14214/sf.1056

http://docs.cntd.ru/document/554151577/ (2019, 16 May)

http://майскийуказ.рф/upload/iblock/3d1/Sokhranenie-lesov-_obnov.-red_.pdf (2019, 19 September)

Kohmann K., Johnsen Ø., Effects of early long-night treatment on diameter and height growth, second flush and frost tolerance in two-year-old Picea abies container seedlings, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2007, Vol. 22, No 5, pp. 375-383, DOI: 10.1080/02827580701520486

Konttinen K., Rikala R., Luoranen J., Growth and Frost Hardening of Picea abies seedlings after various night length treatments, Baltic Forestry, 2007, Vol. 13, No 2, pp. 140-148.

Konttinen, K., Rikala R., Luoranen J., Timing and duration of short-day treatment of Picea abies seedlings, Baltic Forestry, 2003, Vol. 9, No 2, pp. 2-9.

Lilja A., Poteri M., Petäistö R.-L., Rikala R., Kurkela T., Kasanen R., Fungal diseases in forest nurseries in Finland, Silva Fennica, 2010, Vol. 44, No 3, pp. 525-545.

Lindström A., Rune G., Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: Effects on root growth, tree stability and stem straightness, Plant and Soil, 1999, Vol. 217, No 1-2, pp. 29-37.

Lindström A., Stattin E., Gräns D., Wallin E. Storability measures of Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings and assessment of post-storage vitality by measuring shoot electrolyte leakage, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2014, Vol. 29, No 8, pp. 717-724. DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2014.977340

Luoranen J., Helenius P., Huttunen L., Rikala R., Short-day treatment enhances root egress of summer-planted Picea abies seedlings under dry conditions, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2007, Vol. 22, No 5, pp. 384-389, DOI: 10.1080/02827580701551382

Luoranen J., Rikala R., Early season short-day treatment did not affect the field performance of Pinus sylvestris container seedlings in summer planting, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2012, Vol. 27, No 5, pp. 420-423, DOI: 10.1080/02827581.2012.670728

Luoranen J., Rikala R., Post-Planting effects of early-season short-day treatment and summer planting on Norway spruce seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2015, Vol. 49, No 1, Article № 1300, 9 p., DOI: 10.14214/sf.1300

Luoranen J., Sutinen S., Reduced height of short day induced bud scale complex may partly explain early bud burst in Norway spruce seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2017, Vol. 51, iss. 5, Article № 7759, 16 p., DOI: 10.14214/sf.7759

Mochalov B.A., Bobushkina S.V., Vlijanie vida kasset na razmery sejancev sosny s zakrytymi kornjami i ih rost v kul’turah na severe (The influence of the type of cassettes on the size of pine containerized seedlings and their growth in crops in the north), Izvestija vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Lesnoj zhurnal, 2013, No 5 (335), pp. 65-70.

Nordlander G., Nordenhem H., Hellqvist C., A flexible sand coating (Conniflex) for the protection of conifer seedlings against damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2009, Vol. 11, No 1, pp. 91-100, DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00413.x

Otchet o NIR Po teme 5 gosudarstvennogo zadanija na osushhestvlenie nauchno-issledovatel’skih, opytno-konstruktorskih i tehnologicheskih rabot na 2012 god i na planovyj period 2013 i 2014 godov “Ispol’zovanie drevesnyh othodov v proizvodstve kompostov dlja povyshenija plodorodija pochv lesnyh plantacij: ot innovacij k primeneniju” (The use of wood waste in the production of composts to improve soil fertility in forest plantations: from innovation to use), Arkhangelsk: SevNIILH, 2013, 98 p.

Popov V.Ja., Fajzulin D.H., Tuchin P.V., Zharikov V.M., Dinamika rosta i razvitija raznosemjadol’nyh derev’ev sosny obyknovennoj na Evropejskom Severe Rossii (The dynamics of growth and development of heterocotyledonous pine trees in the European North of Russia), Jekologicheskie problemy severa. Mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnyh trudov, 2003, No 16, pp. 52-65.

Popov V.Ja., Fajzulin D.H., Tuchin P.V., Zharikov V.M., Vlijanie chisla semjadolej na rost i razvitie derev’ev sosny obyknovennoj (The influence of the number of cotyledons on the growth and development of common pine trees) Plodovodstvo, semenovodstvo, introdukcija drevesnyh rastenij. Materialy I Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem) 18-22 May 1998, Krasnoyarsk, 1998. pp. 37-39.

Popov V.Ja., Zharikov V.M., Metody otbora i rannej diagnostiki nasledstvennyh svojstv pljusovyh derev’ev sosny i eli (Metodicheskie rekomendacii) (Methods of selection and early diagnosis of the hereditary properties of plus trees of pine and spruce), Arkhangelsk: AILiLH, 1973, 40 p.

Popov V.Ja., Zharikov V.M., Rannjaja diagnostika nasledstvennyh svojstv pljusovyh derev’ev sosny i eli po chislu semjadolej (Tezisy doklada) (Early diagnosis of the hereditary properties of plus trees of pine and spruce by the number of cotyledons (Abstracts), Arkhangelsk: AILiLH, 1977, 6p.

Red’ko G.I., Ogievskij D.V., Nakvasina E.N., Romanov E.M., Biologicheskie osnovy vyrashhivanija sejancev sosny i eli v pitomnikah (The biological basis of the cultivation of pine and spruce seedlings in nurseries), Moscow: Lesnaja prom-st’, 1983, 64 p.

Riikonen J., Efficiency of night interruption treatments with red and far-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in preventing bud set in Norway spruce seedlings, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2018, Vol. 48, iss. 9, pp. 1001-1006, DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2018-0170

Riikonen J., Kettunen N., Gritsevich M., Hakala T., Särkkä L., Tahvonen R., Growth and development of Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings under different light spectra, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2016, Vol. 121, pp. 112-120, DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.06.006

Riikonen J., Lappi J., Responses of Norway spruce seedlings to different night interruption treatments in autumn, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2016, Vol. 46, No 4, pp. 478-484, DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0355

Riikonen J., Luoranen J., Seedling production and the field performance of seedlings, Forests, 2018, Vol. 9, No 12, Article № 740, DOI: 10.3390/f9120740

Rostad H., Granhus A., Fløistad I.S., Morgenlie S., Early summer frost hardiness in Picea abies seedlings in response to photoperiod treatment, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2006, Vol. 36, No 11, pp. 2966-2973, DOI: 10.1139/X06-167

Rune G., Slits in container wall improve root structure and stem straightness of outplanted Scots pine seedlings, Silva Fennica, 2003, Vol. 37, No 3, pp. 333-342.

Rune G., Warensjö M., Basal sweep and compression wood in young Scots pine trees, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2002, Vol. 17, No 6, pp. 529-537, DOI: 10.1080/02827580260417189

Sinnikov A.S. Ispol’zovanie korovyh kompostov dlja vyrashhivanija sejancev v pitomnikah (The use of bark composts for growing seedlings in nurseries), In: Ispol’zovanie drevesnyh othodov i pobochnyh produktov lesa: sbornik trudov AILiLH (Use of wood waste and by-products of the forest: AILiLH proceedings), Arkhangelsk: AILiLH, 1977, pp. 61-66.

Sinnikov A.S., Kalugina Z.S. Rekomendacii po ispol’zovaniju drevesnoj kory v kachestve teplichnogo grunta v lesnom i sel’skom hozjajstvah (Recommendations on the use of tree bark as greenhouse soil in forestry and agriculture), Arkhangelsk: Arhangel’skij institut lesa i lesohimii, 1984, 12 p.

Varfolomeev L.A., Mochalov B.A., K primeneniju v lesopitomnikah udobrenij, prigotovljaemyh na osnove drevesnoj kory (On the use of fertilizers prepared on the basis of wood bark in nurseries) In: Tezisy dokladov Vsesojuznogo soveshhanija “Primenenie mineral’nyh udobrenij v lesnom hozjajstve” Arkhangelsk, 12-13 August (Abstracts of the All-Union meeting “Application of mineral fertilizers in forestry”), Arkhangelsk: AILiLH, 1986. pp. 52-53.

Veijalainen A.-M., Heiskanen J., Juntunen M.-L., Lilja A., Tree-seedling compost as a component in sphagnum peat-based growing media for conifer seedlings: Physical and chemical properties, Acta Horticulturae, 2008, Vol. 779, pp. 431-438, DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.779.54

Wallin E., Gräns D., Jacobs D.F., Lindström A., Verhoef N., Short-day photoperiods affect expression of genes related to dormancy and freezing tolerance in Norway spruce seedlings, Annals of Forest Science, 2017, Vol. 74, No 3, Article № 59, DOI: 10.1007/s13595-017-0655-9.

Warensjö M., Rune G., Stem straightness and compression wood in a 22-year-old stand of container-grown Scots pine trees, Silva Fennica, 2004, Vol. 38, No 2, pp. 143-153.

Zhang G., Luoranen J., Smolander H., Short-day treatment during the growing period limits shoot growth and increases frost hardiness of hybrid aspen plants in the nursery, Forestry Studies in China, 2007, Vol. 9, iss. 4, pp. 262-266, DOI: 10.1007/s11632-007-0041-z

Zhigunov A.V., Sokolov A.I., Haritonov V.A., Vyrashhivanie posadochnogo materiala s zakrytoj kornevoj sistemoj v Ust’janskom teplichnom komplekse. Prakticheskie rekomendacii (Growing containerized planting material in the Ustyansky greenhouse complex. Practical recommendations), Petrozavodsk: Karel’skij nauchnyj centr RAN, 2016, 43 p.