V. N. Petrov*, I. V. Filinova

¹FGBOU VO «Saint-Petersburg State Forest Engineering University named after S. M. Kirov»,

Russia, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Institutsky per., 5, liter. U

^*E-mail: wladimirpetrov@mail.ru

Received: 27.04.2025

Revised: 26.05.2025

Accepted: 16.06.2025

The relevance of the study of the economic organization of forest nurseries is explained by the need to include this type of activity in the forest economy. The underdevelopment of the economic mechanism of state forest nurseries entails ineffective and irrational spending of financial resources, imperfect economic relations between producers of forest planting material and its consumers. Domestic forest legislation does not classify forest nurseries as an independent type of forestry activity, equating them to territories on which land, forest plots intended for growing forest planting material are located. This simplified approach underestimates the role of forest nurseries in forest reproduction, slows down the development of the nursery economy and is of little use for modern forest seed centers, which are a full-fledged property complex that includes all types of property intended for its activities, including land and forest plots, buildings, structures, equipment, inventory, etc. The purpose of the study is to justify the need to apply basic economic categories in the production of forest planting material in forest nurseries, presenting the latter as an independent type of economic activity in forestry. The source materials were regional industry reporting, reflecting both quantitative and qualitative indicators of forest nursery activities, scientific research in the field of design and organization of forest planting material production. The hypothesis of the study is that all economic categories inherent in industrial production are applicable to a forest nursery, taking into account the specifics of the organization of the nursery. Forest nurseries are a miniature model of forestry, where the main means of production is land, and the difference lies only in the terms of growing the finished product. To achieve the set goal, theoretical research methods were used in the work, which at the initial stage most fully correspond to the topic of the study and the tasks set. With the help of such methods, it is possible to generalize and systematize the collected material for its further detailed study. The analysis of the obtained quantitative data on forest nurseries of the country allowed them to be classified according to various characteristics: natural, economic and legal. Using the formalization method, the economic essence of forest nurseries was substantiated, similar in content to the basic economic categories with industrial activity. Research results: the characteristics of the production activity of a forest nursery were identified, which made it possible to apply basic economic categories in relation to this type of specific activity; the production of planting material in forest nurseries was considered from an economic point of view; forest nurseries are divided by organizational and legal forms, classification features of forest nurseries of various forms of ownership are indicated; basic economic categories that form the economy of a forest nursery are identified: products, cost price, prices, profitability, etc.

Кeywords: economy, forest nursery, forest nursery products, production capacity, standard technological maps, cost price, price, profit, profitability

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https://rcfh.ru/ (2025, 5 April)

]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/8-2-2025-soukhovolsky_et_al/ Fri, 08 Aug 2025 10:05:54 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=7640

              V. G. Soukhovolsky^1*, N. A. Kuznetsova², A. V. Kovalev³

              ¹Isaev Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow 117997, Russia

²Moscow State Pedagogical University

Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 1, bldg. 1, Moscow 119435, Russia

³Federal Research Center KSC SB RAS,

Akademgorodok, 50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia

^*E-mail: soukhovolsky@yandex.ru

Received: 20.05.2025

Revised: 16.06.2025

Accepted: 19.06.2025

 The population dynamics of springtails is considered based on long-term surveys. The analysis was performed using data on the total population springtails density of three functional groups. The S group of springtails unites eu- and hemiedaphic forms inhabiting the litter and underlying soil horizons. Springtails of group U include upper litter forms living on the surface of the litter. Group A consists of atmobiontic springtails rising into the ground vegetation cover. For the time series of the dynamics of the number of springtails in each group, ADL (autoregressive distributed lag) models were considered, in which the current population dynamics of springtails was determined as dependent, firstly, on the regulating factors – the number of springtails in three previous counts, and, secondly, on the modifying factor – the accumulated air temperature for three weeks before the date of the count. The proposed model allowed us to describe quite accurately (the determination coefficients R² for all groups exceeded 0.7) the long-term population dynamics of three functional groups springtails. To assess the stability of the population dynamics of springtails, such an indicator as the stability reserve of the ADL model was calculated and it was shown that the population dynamics of springtails is quite stable and exceeds the stability reserve indicators of forest insect populations.

Keywords: soil mesofauna, soil, litter, long-term monitoring

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]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/8-2-2025-aliyeva_et_al/ Fri, 25 Jul 2025 09:49:20 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=7546

© 2025                      G. N. Aliyeva^*, Z. A. Mammadova, V. M. Ismayilova, V. N. Badalova

Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Institute of Dendrology

Sharg street, 29 Mardakan, Baku AZ1044, Azerbaijan

^*E-mail: bio890@mail.ru

 Received: 21.04.2025

Revised: 06.06.2025

Accepted: 16.06.2025

We must protect existing forests and take the necessary measures for afforestation for fight with global warming. That is why in this abstract we studied the variation of morphological and physiological parameters and adaptation ability of the holm oak species (Quercus ilex L.) in different ecological conditions, which introduced to Azerbaijan. Our goal is to determine the feasibility of introducing holm oak to the natural flora of Azerbaijan. Result of morphological polymorphism (CV(LA)=47.29%; CV(F)=38.63%; CV(LL)=24.52%) and indexes of foliar moisture (RWC=89.34±2.90%; LMA=11.74±1.34 mg cm² (in Shaki); RWC=71.34±2.92%; LMA=9.23±0.97 mg cm² ) allows us to say that it is possible to transfer holm oak to natural areas. In our study, holm oak showed tolerance to the drought of Baku, and cold weather of Sheki. These suggest that holm oak can be successfully used in afforestation and transferred to the natural flora in any region of Azerbaijan, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which has extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters.

Keywords: Q. ilex, polymorphism, ANOVA, adaptation, RWC

Forests protect water supplies and soil. They regulate climate by increasing air humidity and decreasing the intensity of droughts, constitute a barrier against soil erosion (Matías, Jump, 2014). Forests are also very important for atmospheric carbon sequestration with their extraordinary biomass production capacity (Tsoumou et al., 2016). In regions, tree growth is limited by the amount of water available in the soil. A decrease in the amount of available water in the soil causes a decrease in carbon assimilation (Limousin, 2009).

Oaks (Quercus) are a diverse group of trees and shrubs that have adapted to a wide range of climates throughout their evolutionary history (Cavender‐Bares, 2018; Sork et al., 2022). The ability of oaks to adapt to climate may contribute to the high species richness and wide distribution of oaks across the northern hemisphere. If adaptation to a given condition is able to evolve in multiple ways – either through multiple different phenotypes, or the same phenotype accomplished through different mechanisms – beneficial standing genetic variation is likely to be present in populations, which would facilitate adaptation to new environmental conditions (Mead, 2023). Since phenotypic plasticity influences environmental tolerance, different plastic responses may contribute to differences in the range of environments that species inhabit (Ackerly et al., 2000). In particular, the environment can induce changes in the individual’s behavior at a morphological and/or physiological level (Price et al., 2003) and such changes may be crucial to survival in heterogeneous and variable conditions (Zunzunegui, 2011). The leaf morphological traits of many species vary with elevation (Cordell et al., 1998; Bresson et al., 2011; Guerin et al., 2012). Those variations are mainly shaped by fluctuations in environmental factors (Yin et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2014). For example, the lower temperatures found at higher elevations can restrict the extension of leaves and reduce their size (Magnani, Borghetti, 1995).  Stronger solar radiation at higher elevations may lead to lower leaf dry matter, smaller overall sizes, and shorter petioles (Niinemets et al., 2004; Pan et al., 2009).  Under drought conditions, plants commonly produce smaller leaves and have a thinner vapor boundary layer so that evaporative water losses are decreased (Nicotra et al., 2008).

Oaks made up a major part of forests of Azerbaijan. There are seven oak species in Azerbaijan flora. Holm oak was introduced to Azerbaijan in 1880. Currently available in some parks and gardens. There are no natural populations of holm oak in Azerbaijan. In this study, we analyzed the leaf morphological polymorphism and variations of foliar moisture in Holm oak trees to determine adaptation ability in different ecological conditions.

MATERIAL AND METODS

This study was carried out on Holm oak. The comparison of holm oak trees at different bioclimatic zones was carried out in two ecologically different stations: Mardakan Arboretum (Baku) and Shaki Park (Shaki region). About geographical condition, altitude, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature of study area areas were given in table 1. The City of Winds is an unofficial, literary name for Baku, mainly because it is windy throughout most of the year. The average annual wind speed in Absheron is 8.6 m/s. The soil cover is represented by various soil combinations, 80-85% of the Mardakan Arboretum is covered with limestone. The soils of the study area in Shaki were natural brown and gray anthropogenic chernozems. (Museibov, 1998; Mammadov et al., 2010). It is located in the southern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, 240 km from Baku.

Ten leaf samples per tree were collected from 20 trees for studing morphological pholymorphism. A total of 200 leaves (ten leaves per tree) were morphometrically measured by CI-202 LESER AREA METER, USA (Jensen, 1990; Viscosi, Cardini, 2011). Sampling was done at midday and only mature leaves were considered. The following parameters were examined: some morphometric traits (leaf area (LA), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), leaf perimeter (LP), the ratio of leaf length to width (LL/LW) and shape factor (F)).

Table 1. Geographic location and climate conditions of the sampled populations of Q. ilex

Note: Pa: mean annual precipitation (mm), T: mean annual temperature (°C) (1,10).

The sclerophylly indices were calculated after certain measurements on the leaves with the accuracy of 0.1 mg using EK-610i electronic scales: leaf mass per area (LMA=DW/LA (mg cm⁻²)), fresh weight (FW); fresh weight at full turgor (saturated weight=SW, after immersion of leaf petioles in demineralized water for 24 h in the dark); dry weight (DW, after drying in an oven at 70 °C for 72 h.). Then foliar moisture parameters were calculated (Filippo et al., 2002):

Water Content (WC; %)=[1− (DW/FW)]100%;

Relative Water Content (RWC;%)=[(FW−DW)/(SW−DW)]100%;

Succulence: (S mg, cm⁻²)=(FW−DW)/LA.

 The variation of morphological traits was performed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) method. The value of the variance coefficient of all morphological traits, which we get using RCBD method, represents the high reliability of the variance analysis. In turn, this result was the beginning of the performance of other statistical analyses based on studied parameters. Thus, if there is no significance difference of any trait during ANOVA, it means that statistical analysis for this trait discontinues. Least Significant Difference (ANOVA–LSD) test was used to compare the mean traits. All statistical analyses were conducted using the program Statistical Product and Service Solutions16 (SPSS 16).

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Leaf morphological traits varied noticeably among 2 study areas (table 2). Among the six traits investigated here, leaf area (LA) showed the widest variability, ranging from 28.97 cm² to 48.94 cm², and having the maximum coefficient of variation (CV=47.29%) (table 3). High variation of leaf area among the morphological parameters indicator species adaptation ability (Sun et al., 2016) .By contrast, the ratio of leaf length to width (LL/LW) varied the least (CV=11.69%), with a range of 2.66 to 3.65 (table 2). The leaf length (CV=24.52 %) and the leaf parameter (CV=19.26 %) among the populations differed on average. Only the leaf width parameter presented last in table 2 did not differ significantly among the study areas (CV= 15.60%). Morphological parameters of Holm oak leaves got decreased by effect of high temperature and low precipitation in Baku (LA=38.05±1.35cm²). The largest leaves were observed in Sheki Park (LA=44.79±1.29 cm²).

Table 2. Variation of morphological parameters of the Q. ilex leaf (leaf area (LA), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), Perimeter (P) the ratio of leaf length to width (R), and shape factor (F)) in different environmental conditions

 We found that leaf morphological traits of Q. ilex varied significantly across our 2 study areas (table 2). This indicated that those traits had significantly adaptive plasticity under different environmental conditions (Abrams, 1990). There are significant ecological differences in the study areas, so significant differences have been observed in vegetation cover. These could potentially facilitate the high adaptive ability of Q. ilex in small precipitation, strong wind and high temperature in summer, even so severe frost in winter.

As seen in table 4, the lowest values of the physiological parameters – foliar moisture indices (LMA=9.23±0.97 mg cm²; WC=65.27±2.17%; RWC=71.34±2.92%; S=3.67±0.09 mg cm²) and the lowest leaf area (LA=38.05±1.35cm) (table 2) were found in the Mardakan Arboretum. Trees with low LA can reduce the excessive loss of water by evaporation and make water use more efficient, generating an important mechanism to address the scarcity of water resources. The smallest value of leaf mass per area, and the relative water content indicators of drought stress factor. Physiological parameters of oak leaves are showed higher values in Shaki region than Baku. In Shaki region the value of RWC in oak leaves were less than 90% indicate low drought stress (table 4). Generally, high RWC in plants helps regulate cellular turgidity and osmotic potential (Mukherjee, Agrawal, 2018).

Table 3. Statistical parameters for the studied traits in Q. ilex, Anova-test

Table 4. Variation of physiological parameters of the Q. ilex leaf (leaf mass per area: LMA: water content: WC: relative water content: RWC, and succulence: S) in different environmental conditions

Abiotic conditions are the major factors that shape plant traits in different environmental conditions (Guerin et al., 2012) also implied that water is a key determinant of leaf size, whereas temperature is relatively less critical. Because precipitation influences water availability, one might expect that plants at higher elevations would experience more drought stress. Although MAP is less in Mardakan, the irrigation conditions eliminated this difference and RWC higher than 50%. These show that holm oak has a high adaptive potential and can change the morphometric and physiological parameters of the leaves according to environmental conditions. Therefore, these trees can be successfully used for landscaping parks.

CONCLUSION

We observed high morphological and physiological variations in the trees for adaptation to different ecological conditions. It has been documented that the leaf morphological variability of species is related to environmental factors identified a strong relationship between morphological features and environmental factors (mainly water availability). In our study, holm oak showed tolerance to the drought of Baku, and cold weather of Sheki. These suggest that holm oak can be successfully used in afforestation and transferred to the natural flora in any region of Azerbaijan, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which has extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters.

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Reviewer: Doctor of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Associate Professor Lysenko T. M.

                    D. A. Dostovalova¹*, A. Z. Glukhov¹, N. S. Podgorodetsky²

               ¹FGBNU Donetsk Botanical Garden,

110 Ilyich Ave., Donetsk, 283023, DPR, Russia

 ²Donbass National Academy of Construction and Architecture,

2 Derzhavina str., Makeyevka, 286123 DPR, Russia 

^*E-mail: dasha.dostovalova1997@mail.ru

 Received: 13.01.2025

Revised: 17.02.2025

Accepted: 25.03.2025

The paper evaluates the fluctuating asymmetry of leaf blades of some of the most common woody plants in the landscaped and self-overgrown landfills of Donbass. The following rock dumps of the mines of the Donetsk-Makeyevka urban agglomeration were selected as models: the greened dump of the former mine (sh.) 6/14 (Chervonogvardeysky district, Makeyevka), the greened dump of sh. 5/6 named after Dimitrova (Kalininsky district, Donetsk), the landscaped Zaperevalnaya dump (Budennovsky district, Donetsk) and the self-overgrown dump 9 Kapitalnaya (Proletarian district, Donetsk). Samples of plant material were taken in several stages in June, July and August 2024 within a certain site (about 25 m2), from a height of 1.5-2 m in 10-fold repetition in accordance with the established methodology at the landfills and within their sanitary protection zone (SPZ). The studied tree species are Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Juglans regia and Robinia pseudoacacia. The number of samples for each species was 10 leaves from 1 tree on the dump and 10 leaves from 1 tree within the SPZ. Biomonitoring of plantings by area and fluctuating asymmetry of leaf blades of woody plants was carried out according to the method of V. M. Zakharov et al. A total of 320 leaves collected at landfills and within the SPZ were measured. The authors used a leaf measurement system for plants with bilaterally symmetrical leaves. The condition of Robinia pseudoacacia in the landfills is assessed as a significant deviation from the norm, and quite favorable conditions for growth are observed within the sanitary protection zone. Acer negundo, Acer platanoides and Juglans regia are in critically depressed condition both at the landfills and in the sanitary protection zone. The method of fluctuating asymmetry can be used to assess the quality of the environment and its suitability for vegetation growth. According to the results of research on mine rock dumps, the most optimal conditions for growth are for Robinia pseudoacacia. Nevertheless, the condition of woody plants indicates a critical load on the environment in the area of rock dumps, which has a negative impact on all living organisms.

Keywords: mining rock dump, development stability, Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Juglans regia, Robinia pseudoacacia

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]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/8-2-2025-podolskaiashatalin/ Fri, 25 Jul 2025 09:27:41 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=7527

 E. S. Podolskaia^1,2, Yu. V. Shatalin²

¹Isaev Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation

                                           ²National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University)                           

20 Myasnitskaya st., Moscow, 101000, Russia

E-mail: podols_kate@mail.ru; y-shatalin@mail.ru

Received: 30.04.2025

Revised: 26.05.2025

Accepted: 02.06.2025

Paper aims to review and systematize scenario modeling work in the design and construction of forest roads at the regional level. The research objectives are: to analyze the current state of forest transport planning and design issues; to describe the history, features and advantages of scenario modeling with examples in the forest complex; to study the use of scenario modeling for solving forest complex problems; and to review the modern tools, methods and data for scenario forestry transport modeling. A table of scenario modeling types has been compiled as applied to the design and construction of forest roads based on the papers from Russia, Australia, Sweden, Romania and Finland. The graphic part of review is presented by a number of tools: a cloud of words for the papers names and the geographical names mentioned, as well as the construction of a connectivity diagram for the names of Russian and foreign papers. There is more connectivity among the English-language papers (1991-2018) than among Russian examples (1977-2021). Citation analysis of Russian and foreign papers showed the dominance of the latter due to the fact that they are written in English and, accordingly, are aimed at researchers around the world, as well as due to the earlier research dates. In conclusion we state that there is an insufficient amount of work on the forestry transport scenarios (researches of late 2000s and early 2010) and the need to use methods and technologies that have become available for modeling and building scenarios in recent years.

 Keywords: scenarios, scenario modeling, regional level, forest complex, forest roads, GIS

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            N. V. Korotkova¹, O. I. Evstigneev^1,2

¹ Isaev Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st., 84/32, bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997 Russia

² State Nature Biosphere Reserve «Bryansk Forest»

Sanctuary str, 2, st. Nerussa, Suzemsky district, Bryansk, 242180 Russia

E-mail: natalya-1998-494@mail.ru

Received: 15.05.2025

Revised: 06.06.2025

Accepted: 10.06.2025

Based on the coenopopulation analysis of tree synusia, the successional state of green moss pine forests was assessed and forecasts for their development in the Nerussa-Desna Polesie were given. The ontogenetic structure of coenopopulations of different tree species in these communities was analyzed. It was shown that green moss pine forests located near generative spruce trees (Picea abies) are gradually transformed into monodominant uneven-aged green moss spruce forests. It was found that green moss pine forests located near generative oak trees (Quercus robur) and far from sources of spruce seeds are capable transforming into coniferous-broadleaf forests with a large proportion of oak. However, as pine and oak trees, which are unable to regenerate in shade-type forests, fall out of the community, oligodominant spruce-broadleaf forests are formed with a predominance of shade-tolerant tree species – Picea abies, Acer platanoides and Tilia cordata.

Keywords: tree coenopopulations, successional state of communities, spruce-green moss forests, coniferous-broadleaf forests, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Quercus robur

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                  A. I. Bondarev^1,2*, L. V. Mukhortova¹, D. A. Mashukov¹

                   ¹V. N. Sukachev Forest Institute, FRC KSC SB RAS

Akademgorodok 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia

²Isaev Centre for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

^*E-mail: abond822@yandex.ru

Received: 24.09.2024

Revised: 17.02.2025

Accepted: 14.03.2025

The article discusses methodological aspects of biomass and productivity assessment on the example of three common species of hypoarctic shrubs (Salix glauca, Betula exilis, Vaccinium uliginosum). The authors present the algorithm for measuring and calculating the fractional composition of aboveground biomass and annual productivity using the index of biomass annual increment. The application of shoot increment as an index of annual productivity leads to a systematic underestimation, since it does not consider the wood increment of stems in the process of radial shoot accumulation. The study found that there was no significant correlation between shoot age and shoot length and shoot base diameter. The investigations showed no or weak correlation of shoot mass with shoot length and strong correlation with shoot base diameter. Shoot mass dominates the total aboveground phytomass of all species, with a share of 63 to 71%. The relative rate of shoot phytomass accumulation varies between species from 7 to 10%. The moisture content of the shoots of the examined species is stable and varies in the range of 59-64%.

Keywords: Taymyr Peninsula, biomass, hypoarctic shrubs, age structure, productivity, biomass annual increment

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