V. N. Shanin^{1, 2}, P. V. Frolov¹, I. V. Priputina¹, O. G. Chertov³, S. S. Bykhovets¹, E. V. Zubkova¹, A. M. Portnov¹, G. G. Frolova¹, M. N. Stamenov¹, P. Y. Grabarnik¹

¹Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science

Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia

²Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Profsoyuznaya st., 84/32, bld. 14, 117997 Moscow, Russia

³Bingen University of Applied Sciences

Berlin Str. 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany

E‑mail: shaninvn@gmail.com

Received: 08.09.2022

Revised: 15.10.2022

Accepted: 28.10.2022

In many problems of modern forest ecology, it is necessary to analyze the conjugated dynamics of processes occurring at different spatio-temporal scales of the functioning of plant communities and soils resulted from their interaction under the influence of all edaphic and anthropogenic factors. Mathematical models can be an efficient tool for such analysis. The aim of this study is to present the implementation of a new system of models that makes it possible to reproduce in simulation experiments the spatial structure of forest phytocenoses formed by tree and grass-shrub layers, as well as associated heterogeneity of soil conditions and the diversity of ecological niches at different hierarchical levels. To determine the required level of detail of the spatial heterogeneity of forest biogeocenoses related to the processes of their multi-scale functioning, experimental studies were carried out on permanent sampling plots in the Prioksko-Terrasny State Natural Biosphere Reserve and in the “Kaluzhskie Zaseki” State Nature Reserve. The spatial structure of communities and related heterogeneity of ecological conditions were studied using traditional soil and geobotanical, as well as modern instrumental methods. The obtained data were used to construct the algorithms and to estimate the parameters of different blocks of the new system of models. The implementation of a spatially-explicit process-based system of models has shown its ability to reproduce the dynamics of forest ecosystems, taking into account the species composition and spatial structure of different layers of vegetation and the associated patchiness of soil conditions. Because of a wide range of interrelated ecosystem characteristics implemented in the system of models it is possible to simulate productivity, biological turnover of C and N, and the dynamics of forest ecosystems, taking into account their characteristic spatial structure at different scales. This makes it possible to improve the understanding of ecosystem processes and their contribution to maintaining the sustainable functioning of forests, which can be used for predictive assessments of the efficiency of forest management techniques and in solving other forestry and environmental problems.

Key words: simulation models, spatial structure, tree stand productivity, ground layer vegetation, forest soils, soil nutrients, carbon cycle

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]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/5-3-2022-basova_et_al/ Wed, 01 Mar 2023 08:29:49 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=5313

E. V. Basova¹, N. V. Lukina¹, A. I. Kuznecova¹, A. V. Gornov¹, N. E. Shevchenko¹, E. V. Tikhonova¹, A. P. Geraskina¹, T. Yu. Braslavskaya¹, D. N. Teben’kova¹, D. L. Lugovaya²

¹Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

²WWF-Russia

Nikoloyamskaya st. 19, bldg. 3, Moscow, 109240, Russia

E-mail: lenabasova7@gmail.com

Received: 01.09.2022

Revised: 17.10.2022

Accepted: 18.11.2022

Relevance and goals. In the context of global climate change, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. There is still no functional classification of forests according to the effectiveness of their carbon storage function. The purpose of this article is to discuss an approach to such classification based on the assessment of the quality of tree litter.

Objects and methods. To test the approach to the identification of functional types of forests (FTL) based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks, data on soils and vegetation obtained at 23 sites operating in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaf forests of the European part of Russia on the territory of Bryansk Polesie and Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain were used. For indirect (on the ecological scale of E. Landolt using the SpeDiv program) to assess differences in the soil richness of forests belonging to different FTLS, the species composition of 160 descriptions of forest vegetation of the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma regions, Krasnodar Krai and the Republic of Adygea (North-Western Caucasus) was analyzed.

Results. Examples of functional forest types (FTL) for coniferous and broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia are given. The differences in the level of soil carbon accumulation between different FTLS are shown, and a preliminary assessment of the influence of the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soils on the accumulation of carbon in soils within FTLS is given.

Conclusion. Based on the quality of the fall of tree litter, 15 FTL were identified, which are confirmed by examples based on geobotanical descriptions of forest communities common in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-deciduous forests of the North-Western Caucasus. The validity of the allocation of FTL for the efficiency of carbon accumulation in soils based on the quality of plant litter, taking into account the influence of “external factors” (the position in the landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks) is confirmed by data obtained at 23 sites; estimates of the carbon reserves in the soil, as well as the soil richness estimated on an ecological scale, revealed differences between the allocated FTLS. Differences in carbon stocks in forest ecosystems in the same FTL formed on loamy and sandy loam soil-forming rocks were revealed. Differences in soil carbon reserves in forests belonging to the same FTL, but formed at different positions in the landscape, have been confirmed; in transit landscapes, soil carbon reserves are higher than in autonomous ones.

Key words: coniferous-deciduous forests, functional classification, functional types of forests, carbon stocks

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Telesnina V. M., Kurganova I. N., Ovsepjan L. A., Lichko V. I., Ermolaev A. M., Mirin D. M., Dinamika svojstv pochv i sostava rastitel’nosti v hode postagrogennogo razvitija v raznyh bioklimaticheskih zonah (Dynamics of soil properties and vegetation composition during postagrogenic development in different bioclimatic zones), Pochvovedenie, 2017, No 12, pp. 1514–1534.

E. E. Muchnik

Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences

21 Sovetskaya str., Uspenskoye village, Moscow Region, 143030, Russia

E-mail: emuchnik@outlook.com

Received: 25.08.2022

Revised: 12.09.2022

Accepted: 14.09.2022

Relevance and goal. “Losiny Ostrov” National Park with the area of about 13 thousand hectares was organized in 1983 and is situated on the territory of the Moscow agglomeration, partially within the Moscow city limits. A unique complex of natural conditions ensures a considerable wealth of biota, which is far from being fully studied. Despite a long period of lichen studies, until recently information on lichens of “Losiny Ostrov” National Park has been rather scattered and insufficient. This work is aimed at updating the lichen checklist and supplementing the information about the diversity of lichen biota of the national park.

Material and methods. Available literary sources (beginning in 1900) were analyzed, and several field studies were conducted between 2017 and 2022. Materials were collected and studied using generally accepted lichenological techniques; identified specimens were placed mainly in the MHA herbarium. A database was organized and maintained in MS Excel.

Results and conclusion. The total list of the lichen biota of “Losiny Ostrov” National Park for the entire history of its study has so far amounted to 148 species from 69 genera, 30 families of lichens and closely related non-lichenized fungi, traditionally analyzed together with lichens. Of this list, 7 species are considered as doubtful, and another two species seem to be completely extinct on the study area; thus, the current lichen checklist includes 139 species from 67 genera and 29 families. A brief taxonomic analysis allows us to define the identified lichen biota as typically forested, but with pronounced signs of anthropogenic transformation. 23 lichen species protected in the Moscow region have been found in the national park, of which 20 have been confirmed during the last 20 years. Occurrence of the rest three species at the territory of the Losiny Ostrov National Park is still possible. Further lichenological research at the study area is needed, especially within the protected and specially protected functional areas of the national park.

Keywords: lichens and allied fungi, biodiversity, protected areas, rare species, Red Data Book, Moscow, Moscow Region

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]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/5-3-2022-narykovaplotnikova/ Fri, 30 Dec 2022 06:56:03 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=5254

A.N. Narykova, A. S. Plotnikova

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

E-mail: narykovaanna@yandex.ru

Received: 20.06.2022

Revised:  18.07.2022

Accepted: 18.08.2022

The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has aroused interest among researchers around the world with the growing anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems. The meaning of the concept is taking into consideration the ecosystem functions during making decisions and ensuring sustainable development. Mapping of ES is crucial for territorial representation of ecosystem services, spatial analysis, dynamic changes detection, relationships between ecosystem elements, etc. The goal of the study is to review global scientific literature of mapping ecosystem services at the local level. The paper describes the aims, input datasets, types of mapping, and methods of 19 scientific publications. A summary contains a brief description of the initial data and the methods used. Cartographic material has been prepared to show the research geography on a world map. The most popular groups of ecosystem services for scholars have been identified. More than 39% of the mapped ES belong to the regulating services. Global land cover and land use maps are often used as input data for modeling and mapping. Regression models and software-based models (InVEST, KINEROS, etc) are more frequent among the methods for the ES assessment and mapping. Specially protected natural areas, as well as vulnerable mountain, river, and coastal ecosystems are primary objects of research. The study of ES in Russia is also confined to protected areas. Mapping of ecosystem functions and services of local objects is mostly developed in European countries.

Keywords: ecosystem functions and services, mapping of ecosystem services, spatial data, geospatial modelling, local level

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V. G. Storozhenko

Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences

21 Sovetskaya str., Uspenskoye village, Moscow Region, 143030, Russia

E-mail: lesoved@mail.ru

Received: 05.04.2022

Revised:  01.08.2022

Accepted: 10.08.2022

Relevance. The native forests can be recognized as endangered formations of the European North of Russia. They are benchmarks of forest sustainability for comparative assessment with forests of other origin and use, what determines the relevance of research on their structural features. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative assessment of dynamic processes in the native forests of spruce formations of the southern taiga subzone of various successional positions (phases of dynamics) in the time trend of their development.

Material and methods. Native spruce forests of different ages of the southern taiga subzone of the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve (Tver region) and the Kologrivsky Forest Reserve (Kostroma region) were researched various dynamic characteristics and successional position — climax, demutation, digressive. In the biogeocenoses of the sample areas, the age of trees and the presence of rot were determined, age series were built, the volumes of trees in age generations were calculated. All the tree fractions of the analyzed spruce forests were arranged in one time series: stands, current tree fall and deadfall — from retrospective values (– 60 years) to prospective values of the age limit of trees of the first generations of stands (+ ~ 300 years). The processes of dynamics of volumes of the wood fraction of native spruce forests of various successional positions in a long time space with different rates of accumulation and decomposition of wood biomass are described.

Results and discussion. The processes of accumulation of biomass and the formation of age structures of biogeocenosis are 4 to 7 times slower than the processes of decomposition of the dying biomass of woody decay. Wood-destroying fungi of the saprotrophic complex “adjust” the activity of the decomposition process of wood decay to the dynamics of wood accumulation by the stand, maintaining the balance of accumulation and decomposition of woody biomass in the forest community. The correlation dependence of the increase in the values of tree infestation with wood-destroying fungi in age generations with an increase in their age is expressed in correlation coefficients from r — 0.89 at m_r — 0.07 and t — 11.8 (spruce grove 1) to 0.99 at m_r — 0.004 and t — 245 (spruce grove 4). The connection in both cases is very high, almost functional, which can be interpreted as a pattern.

Conclusion. In native virgin forests, the balance of reproducible and decomposable wood is preserved as one of the most important criteria for the sustainable functioning of forest communities. This position can be regarded as an important fact of the evolutionary functional structure of forests.

Keywords: southern taiga, indigenous spruce forests, age generations, wood fractions, biomass balance

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