{"id":2606,"date":"2019-11-13T14:40:18","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T11:40:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/?p=2606"},"modified":"2020-07-21T16:04:02","modified_gmt":"2020-07-21T13:04:02","slug":"2-4-2019-frolova_et_al","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/2-4-2019-frolova_et_al\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of factors affecting the regeneration of major forest-forming species in the pine forests of the southern Moscow region"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a9\u00a0<\/strong>2019\u00a0<\/strong><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

full text<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

G.G. Frolova<\/b><\/span>1*<\/b><\/span><\/sup>, P.V. Frolov<\/b><\/span>1<\/b><\/span><\/sup>, V.N. Shanin<\/b><\/span>1,2,3<\/b><\/span><\/sup>, N.V. Ivanova<\/b><\/span>3<\/b><\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/sup><\/em> Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Science<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Institutskaya st., 2, Puschino, Russia, 142290 <\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

2<\/span><\/sup><\/em> Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Profsoyuznaya st. 84\/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

3 <\/span><\/sup><\/em>Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Prof. Vitkevich st., 1, <\/i><\/span>Puschino, Russia, 142290\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/b><\/span><\/sup>E-mail: <\/span>gulfina.frolova@gmail.com<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Received 30 August 2019<\/span><\/p>\n

We carried out a quantitative analysis of the dependence of the vitality and species composition of tree undergrowth in pine forests of the southern Moscow region on a complex of biotic, abiotic, and edaphic factors. The paired sampling plots were established (consisting of sub-plots with and without undergrowth). The stand characteristics, the dominating species of the ground layer vegetation were determined, and the light intensity, the thickness and moisture of forest floor, the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil were measured on each of sub-plots. We used the principal component analysis, a pairwise comparison of environmental factors on sub-plots with and without undergrowth, as well as multiple multivariate correlation analysis for data processing. The results of the study showed that the main factors affecting natural regeneration are soil characteristics and light regime, while the influence of the forest ground vegetation on tree regeneration was not identified.<\/span><\/p>\n

Key words<\/strong>: <\/span>tree undergrowth, natural reforestation, ecological factors, forest ground vegetation<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Aas G., <\/span>Quercus petraea<\/i><\/span> (Mattuschka) Lieblein, 1784, Traubeneiche,. In: Roloff A, Weisgerber H, Lang U, Stimm B, Sch\u00fctt P, editors. <\/span>Enzyklop\u00e4die der Holzgew\u00e4chse. Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie<\/i><\/span>: Wiley-VCH., 2002, pp. 1-16.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Aas G., <\/span>Quercus robur<\/i><\/span> L., 1753, Stieleiche,. In: Roloff A, Weisgerber H, Lang U, Stimm B, Sch\u00fctt P, editors. <\/span>Enzyklop\u00e4die der Holzgew\u00e4chse. Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie<\/i><\/span>: Wiley-VCH. 2002, pp. 17-29.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alekseyev V.A., <\/span>Svetovoy rezhim lesa <\/i><\/span>(<\/span>The light regime of the forest<\/span>), Leningrad: Nauka, 1975, 228 p. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Annigh\u00f6fer P., Becksch\u00e4fer P., Vor T., Ammer C., Regeneration patterns of European oak species (<\/span>Quercus petraea<\/i><\/span> (Matt.) Liebl., <\/span>Quercus robur<\/i><\/span> L.) in dependence of environment and neighborhood, <\/span>PloS one<\/i><\/span>, 2015, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. e0134935. 1-16.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Axelsson E., Lundmark T., H\u00f6gberg P., Nordin A., Belowground competition directs spatial patterns of seedling growth in boreal pine forests in Fennoscandia, <\/span>Forests<\/i><\/span>, 2014, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 2106-2121.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Beland M., Agestam E., Ek\u00f6 P.M., Gemmel P., Nilsson U., Scarification and seedfall affects natural regeneration of Scots pine under two shelterwood densities and a clear-cut in southern Sweden, <\/span>Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 2000, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 247-255.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Booth T.C.,\u00a0Natural regeneration in the nativepinewoods of Scotland. A review of principles and practice, <\/span>Scottish Forestry<\/i><\/span>, 1984, Vol \u2013 38, pp. 33-42.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u010cater M., Bati\u010d F., Groundwater and light conditions as factors in the survival of pedunculate oak (<\/span>Quercus robur<\/i><\/span> L.) seedlings, <\/span>European Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 2006, Vol. 125, No. 4, pp. 419-426.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Caudullo G., Tinner W., de Rigo D., <\/span>Picea abies<\/i><\/span> in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats., San-Miguel-Ayanz J., de Rigo D., Caudullo G., Houston Durrant T., Mauri A. (eds.) <\/span>European Atlas of Forest Tree Species<\/i><\/span>, 2016, pp. 114-116 .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cescatti A., Indirect estimates of canopy gap fraction based on the linear conversion of hemispherical photographs: Methodology and comparison with standard thresholding techniques, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2007, Vol. 143, No. 1-2, pp. 1-12.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chuchalina A.A., Mishchikhina YU.D., Chislennost’, vozrastnaya struktura i zhiznennost’ podrosta sosny v kontrastnykh ekotopakh podzon predlesostepi i sredney taygi (<\/span>The abundance, age structure, and vitality of pine undergrowth in contrasting ecotopes of sub-steppes and middle taiga subzones<\/span>), <\/span>Izvestiya Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta<\/i><\/span>, 2013, No. 1 (39), pp.14-\u201317.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chulliat A., Macmillan S., Alken P., Beggan C., Nair M., Hamilton B., Woods A., Ridley V., Maus S., Thomson A.,\u00a0 The US\/UK World Magnetic Model for 2015\u20132020: Technical Report, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n

Coban S., Colak A.H., Rotherham I.D., Interactions between canopy cover density and regeneration cores of older saplings in Scots pine (<\/span>Pinus sylvestris<\/i><\/span> L.) stands, <\/span>Forest systems<\/i><\/span>, 2016, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1-14.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cvetkov V.F., Problemy lesovozobnovlenija na evropejskom severe Rossii (<\/span>Reforestation problems in the European North of Russia<\/span>), In: <\/span>Lesnye resursy taezhnoj zony Rossii: problemy lesopol’zovanija i lesovosstanovlenija<\/i><\/span> (<\/span>Forest resources of the taiga zone of Russia: problems of forest management and reforestation<\/span>), Petrozavodsk: KarNC RAN, 2009, pp. 153-156.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Demakov Ju.P., Diagnostika ustojchivosti lesnyh jekosistem (metodologicheskie i metodicheskie aspekty) Diagnostics of the sustainability of forest ecosystems (methodological and methodological aspects), Joshkar-Ola: Periodika Marij Jel, 2000, 416 p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Druzhinin N.A., Druzhinin F.N., Koroleva N.S., Shusharin A.P., Lesovosstanovitel’nye processy na torfjanyh pochvah v estestvennyh, osushaemyh, projdennyh rubkami nasazhdenijah (Reforestation processes on peat soils in natural, drained, felled stands), In: <\/span>Lesopol’zovanie i Gidrolesomelioracija<\/i><\/span> (Forest management and forest reclamation), <\/span>St. Petersburg<\/span>; Vologda: Sankt-Peterburgskij nauchno-issledovatel’skij institut lesnogo hozjajstva, Vologodskaja GMH akademija im. N.V. Vereshhagina., 2007, pp. 82-91.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dyderski M.K., Pa\u017a S., Frelich L.E., Jagodzi\u0144ski A.M., How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions?, <\/span>Global Change Biology<\/i><\/span>, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 1150-1163.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ellenberg H., Leuschner C., Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen: in \u00f6kologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht, Utb, 2010, Vol. 8104, 1095 p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evstigneev O.I., Ontogenetic scales of relation of trees to light (on the example of Eastern European forests), <\/span>Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology<\/i><\/span>, 2018, No. 3, pp. 1-18.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gattsuk L.Ye., Yermakova I.M., Gattsuk L.Ye., Obshchiye predstavleniya o zhiznennom sostoyanii osobi i tsenopopulyatsii (General ideas about the life state of an individual and cenopopulation), \/ Gattsuk L.Ye., Yermakova I.M. \/\/ <\/span>Podkhody k izucheniyu tsenopopulyatsiy i konsortsiy.,<\/i><\/span> \u2013Moscow: MGPI, 1987, pp. 3-7.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gill R.M.A., A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 3, Impact on trees and forests, <\/span>Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 1992, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 363-388.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gong Y., Studies on the regeneration of <\/span>Pinus sylvestris<\/i><\/span> and <\/span>Betula pendula<\/i><\/span>: Diss, University of Aberdeen, 1992, 234 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Grjaz’kin A.V., Vozobnovitel’nyj potencial taezhnyh lesov (Na primere el’nikov Severo-Zapada Rossii) (Rejuvenation potential of taiga forests (On the example of spruce forests of the North-West of Russia)), <\/span>St. Petersburg<\/span>: SPbGLTA, 2001, 188 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gutowski J.M., Jaroszewicz B., Zmiany udzia\u0142u \u015bwierka pospolitego w drzewostanach Puszczy Bia\u0142owieskiej w kontek\u015bcie dynamiki liczebno\u015bci kornika drukarza, Wik\u0142o A. (ed.) Stan ekosystem\u00f3w le\u015bnych Puszczy Bia\u0142owieskiej, 2015, pp. 87-108.<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/csfm.volgatech.net\/elearning\/vozobnovlenie\/text\/ (2019, 15 July).<\/span><\/p>\n

Jar\u010du\u0161ka B., Kucbel S., Jaloviar P., Comparison of output results from two programmes for hemispherical image analysis: Gap Light Analyser and WinScanopy, <\/span>Journal of Forest Science<\/i><\/span>, 2010, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 147-153.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jekologicheskij monitoring Serpuhovskogo rajona<\/i><\/span>. Otchet o rabote po dogovoru o nauchno-tehnicheskom sotrudnichestve mezhdu IPFS AN SSSR i PTZ (<\/span>Environmental monitoring of the Serpukhov district. Report on the work under the agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between the IPFS of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the<\/span> Prioksko-Terrasny biosphere reserve), 1989.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jonckheere I., Fleck S., Nackaerts K., Muys B., Coppin P., Weiss M., Baret F., Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination: Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2004, Vol. 121, No. 1-2, pp. 19-35.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jonckheere I., Nackaerts K., Muys B., Coppin P., Assessment of automatic gap fraction estimation of forests from digital hemispherical photography, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2005, Vol. 132, No. 1-2, pp. 96-114.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kielland-Lund J., Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegens, <\/span>Phytocoenologia<\/i><\/span>, 1981, pp. 53-250.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kobak K.I., Alekseyev V.A., Svetovoy i uglekislotnyy rezhimy pod pologom sosnovykh nasazhdeniy kak usloviye proizrastaniya podrocta (<\/span>Light and carbon dioxide regimes under the canopy of pine forests as a condition for the growth of undergrowth<\/span>), <\/span>Svetovoy rezhim, fotosintez i produktivnost’ lesa<\/i><\/span>, Saint-Petersburg, 1965, pp. 23-24.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Komarov A.S., Priputina I.V., Mihajlov A.V., Chertov O.G., Biogeohimicheskij cikl ugleroda v lesnyh jekosistemah centra Evropejskoj Rossii i ego tehnogennye izmenenija (<\/span>Biogeochemical carbon cycle in forest ecosystems of the center of European Russia and its technogenic changes),<\/span> In: <\/span>Pochvennye Processy i Prostranstvenno-Vremennaja Organizacija Pochv<\/i><\/span> (<\/span>Soil processes and spatio-temporal organization of soils),<\/span> Kudeyarov<\/span> V.N. (ed), Moscow: Nauka, 2006, pp. 362-377.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kuuluvainen T., Yll\u00e4sj\u00e4rvi I., On the natural regeneration of dry heath forests in Finnish Lapland: a review of VT Aaltonen (1919), <\/span>Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 2011, Vol. 26, No. S10, pp. 34-44.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Leblanc S.G., Chen J.M., Fernandes R., Deering D.W., Conley A., Methodology comparison for canopy structure parameters extraction from digital hemispherical photography in boreal forests, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2005, Vol. 129, No. 3-4, pp. 187-207.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Macfarlane C., Coote M., White D.A., Adams M.A., Photographic exposure affects indirect estimation of leaf area in plantations of <\/span>Eucalyptus globulus<\/i><\/span> Labill, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2000, Vol. 100, No. 2-3, pp. 155-168.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Miina J., Saksa T., Predicting establishment of tree seedlings in regeneration areas of <\/span>Picea abies<\/i><\/span> in southern Finland, <\/span>Baltic Forestry<\/i><\/span>, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 187-200.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Montes F., Ca\u00f1ellas I., The spatial relationship between post<\/span>\u2010<\/span>crop remaining trees and the establishment of saplings in <\/span>Pinus sylvestris<\/i><\/span> stands in Spain, <\/span>Applied Vegetation Science<\/i><\/span>, 2007, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 151-160.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Morozov G.F., <\/span>Ucheniye o lese. Vyp. 1, Vvedeniye v biologiyu lesa <\/i><\/span>(<\/span>The doctrine of the forest. Issue 1, Introduction to forest biology<\/span>) \/ G.F. Morozov, Saint-Petersburg, 1912, 183\u00a0p. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Niinemets \u00dc., Valladares F., Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs, Ecological Monographs, 2006, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 521-547.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nikolayev N.S., Ableyeva V.A., Kharakteristika klimaticheskikh pokazateley territorii Prioksko-territorial’nogo zapovednika za period nablyudeniy 1973\u20132014 gg. (<\/span>Characteristics of climatic indicators of the territory of the Prioksko-territorial reserve for the observation period 1973\u20132014), <\/span>Trudy Prioksko-Terrasnogo zapovednika<\/i><\/span>, Tula: Akvarius, 2015, Vol. 6, pp. 11-23.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nilsson U., Gemmel P., L\u00f6f M., Welander T., Germination and early growth of sown <\/span>Quercus robur<\/i><\/span> L. in relation to soil preparation, sowing depths and prevention against predation, <\/span>New Forests<\/i><\/span>, 1996, Vol. 12, pp. 69-86.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nobis M., Hunziker U., Automatic thresholding for hemispherical canopy-photographs based on edge detection, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2005, Vol. 128, No. 3-4, pp. 243-250.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Poorter H., De Jong R.O.B., A comparison of specific leaf area, chemical composition and leaf construction costs of field plants from 15 habitats differing in productivity, <\/span>New Phytologist<\/i><\/span>, 1999, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp. 163-176.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Poorter H., Niklas K.J., Reich P.B., Oleksyn J., Poot P., Mommer L., Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta<\/span>\u2010<\/span>analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control, <\/span>New Phytologist<\/i><\/span>, 2012, Vol. 193, No. 1, pp. 30-50.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2019, \/\/URL: https:\/\/www. R-project. org (<\/span>2019, October 31<\/span>)..<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rich P.M., Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs, <\/span>Remote Sensing Reviews<\/i><\/span>, 1990, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 13-29.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ruuska J., Siipilehto J., Valkonen S., Effect of edge stands on the development of young <\/span>Pinus sylvestris<\/i><\/span> stands in southern Finland, <\/span>Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 2008, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 214-226.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ryazapov R.I., Kabanov S.V., Podpologovaya osveshchennost’ v starovozrastnykh sosnyakakh yestestvennogo proiskhozhdeniya yuzhnoy chasti Privolzhskoy vozvyshennosti i yeye vliyaniye na zhiznennost’ podrosta sosny (I<\/span>llumination under canopy in old-aged pine trees of natural origin in the southern part of the Volga Upland and its effect on the vitality of pine undergrowth<\/span>), <\/span>Vestnik Altayskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta<\/i><\/span>, 2011, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 54-60.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sannikov S.N., Sannikova N.S., <\/span>Ekologiya yestestvennogo vozobnovleniya sosny pod pologom lesa<\/i><\/span> (<\/span>Ecology of natural regeneration of pine under the forest canopy<\/span>). Moscow: Nauka, 1985, 152 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sannikov S.N., Sannikova N.S., Les kak podzemno-somknutaya dendrotsenoekosistema (<\/span>Forest as an underground-closed dendrocene ecosystem<\/span>), <\/span>Sibirskiy lesnoy zhurnal<\/i><\/span>, 2014, No. 1, pp. 25-34.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Shan’gina N.P., Feklistov P.A., Vozobnovlenie korennyh el’nikov i vlijanie jekologicheskih faktorov na formirovanie podrosta pod pologom drevostoev (<\/span>The resumption of spruce forests and the influence of environmental factors on the formation of undergrowth under the canopy of stands<\/span>), In: <\/span>Problemy jekologii v sovremennom mire v svete uchenija V.I. Vernadskogo<\/i><\/span> (<\/span>Ecological problems in the modern world in the light of the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky<\/span>), Tambov: Dom TGU, 2010, Vol. 2, pp. 118-122.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Siipilethto J., Height distributions of Scots pine sapling stands affected by retained tree and edge stand competition, <\/span>Silva Fennica<\/i><\/span>, 2006, Vol. 40, No 3, pp. 473-486.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Smirnov E.G., Belenec Ju.E., Sostojanie lesovosstanovlenija v uslovijah chernichnikovoj gruppy tipov lesa Leningradskoj oblasti (<\/span>The state of reforestation under the conditions of the bilberry group of forest types of the Leningrad Region<\/span>), In: <\/span>Lesopol’zovanie i Gidrolesomelioracija<\/i><\/span> (Forest management and forest reclamation), <\/span>St. Petersburg<\/span>; Vologda: Sankt-Peterburgskij nauchno-issledovatel’skij institut lesnogo hozjajstva, Vologodskaja GMH akademija im. N.V. Vereshhagina., 2007, pp. 76-78.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Smirnova O.V., Vostochnoevropejskie lesa: istorija v golocene i sovremennost’ (<\/span>Eastern European forests: history in the Holocene and modernity),<\/span> Moscow: Nauka, 2004, Book 1, 479 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0160\u00fari M., Huld T.A., Dunlop E.D., PV-GIS: a web-based solar radiation database for the calculation of PV potential in Europe, <\/span>International Journal of Sustainable Energy<\/i><\/span>, 2005, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 55-67.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suslova E.G., Lesa Moskovskoj oblasti (<\/span>Forests of the Moscow region),<\/span> Jekosistemy: jekologija i dinamika<\/i><\/span>, 2019, Vol. 3, No. 1., pp. 119-190<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

SZ RF <\/i><\/span>(<\/span>Forest plan of the Moscow Region<\/i><\/span>), 2018, Book 1, 160 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Szydlarski M., Modrzy\u0144ski J., Increase of natural regeneration area of Norway spruce (<\/span>Picea abies<\/i><\/span> L. Karst.) in the Kaszuby Lake District during the decade 2002\u20132012, <\/span>Forest Research Papers<\/i><\/span>, 2015, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 66-72.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Thimonier A., Sedivy I., Schleppi P., Estimating leaf area index in different types of mature forest stands in Switzerland: a comparison of methods, <\/span>European Journal of Forest Research<\/i><\/span>, 2010, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 543-562.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Utkin A.I., Zamolodchikov D.G., Chestnykh O.V., Korovin G.N., Zukert N.V., Lesa Rossii kak rezervuar organicheskogo ugleroda biosfery (<\/span>Russian forests as a reservoir of organic carbon of the biosphere<\/span>), <\/span>Lesovedeniye<\/i><\/span>, 2001, No. 5, pp. 8-23.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Wagner S., Calibration of grey values of hemispherical photographs for image analysis, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 1998, Vol. 90, No. 1-2, pp. 103-117.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Wittich W., Die stand\u00f6rtlichen Bedingungen f\u00fcr die nat\u00fcrliche Verj\u00fcngung der Kiefer und f\u00fcr ihre Erziehung unter Schirm, <\/span>Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung<\/i><\/span>, 1955, Vol. 126, pp. 109-117.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Wyka T.P., Oleksyn J., \u017bytkowiak R., Karolewski P., Jagodzi\u0144ski A.M., Reich P.B., Responses of leaf structure and photosynthetic properties to intra-canopy light gradients: a common garden test with four broadleaf deciduous angiosperm and seven evergreen conifer tree species, <\/span>Oecologia<\/i><\/span>, 2012, Vol. 170, No. 1, pp. 11-24.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Yazdani R., Lindgren D., Hur tallens gener sprids vid naturlig f\u00f6ryngring under fr\u00f6tr\u00e4d., <\/span>SLU. Skogsfakta. Biologi och skogssk\u00f6tsel<\/i><\/span>, 1990, \u2013 74 p.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Yevstigneyev O.I. Svetovoy minimum podrosta derev’yev khvoyno-shirokolistvennogo lesa (<\/span>Light minimum of undergrowth of trees of coniferous-deciduous forest<\/span>), <\/span>Strukturno-funktsional’naya organizatsiya i dinamika rastitel’nogo pokrova<\/i><\/span>, 2012, pp. 181-184.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Zhang Y., Chen J.M., Miller J.R., Determining digital hemispherical photograph exposure for leaf area index estimation, <\/span>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology<\/i><\/span>, 2005, Vol. 133, No. 1-4, pp. 166-181.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Zhilyayev G.G., <\/span>Zhiznesposobnost’ populyatsiy rasteniy<\/i><\/span> (<\/span>Viability of plant populations<\/span>), G.G. Zhilyayev; editor in chief. K.A. Malinovskiy (ed.), L’vov Lviv, 2005, 304 p. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Zhukova L.A., Mnogoobraziye putey ontogeneza v populyatsiyakh rasteniy (<\/span>The diversity of ontogenesis pathways in plant populations<\/span>), <\/span>Ekologiya<\/i><\/span>, 2001, No. 3, pp. 169-176.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9\u00a02019\u00a0 full text G.G. Frolova1*, P.V. Frolov1, V.N. Shanin1,2,3, N.V. Ivanova3 1 Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Science Institutskaya st., 2, Puschino, Russia, 142290 2...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2606"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2606"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3403,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2606\/revisions\/3403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jfsi.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}