A.P. Geraskina^*, D. N. Tebenkova, D. V. Ershov, E. V. Ruchinskaya, N. V. Sibirtseva, N.V. Lukina

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

117997 Moscow, Russian Federation, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14

^*E-mail: angersgma@gmail.com

Received 07.07.2021

Revised 12.08.2021

Accepted 18.08.2021

Due to ever-increasing anthropogenic impact and global climate change, wildfires are becoming more frequent and intense all over the world. The wildfire factor is turning into an acute problem for forested countries that requires prompt solutions as the areas of forest ecosystems are reducing catastrophically, which results in an irreparable loss of biodiversity that provides all ecosystem functions and forest services. Many biologists consider wildfires a factor destructive to biota that results in permanent loss of some species and groups of living organisms; even if it is possible for them to recover after a wildfire, they may need a lot of time to do so. However, some studies argue that not only do wildfires reduce the biodiversity in forest ecosystems, but they also increase it, thus contributing to species conservation and sustainable functioning of forests.

This article is aimed at analyzing the works that study how wildfires impact the main components, biodiversity, and functions of forest ecosystems. The authors answer the question why wildfires, while being an obvious destruction factor, are sometimes considered a factor for increase in biodiversity. The “positive” influence wildfires have on biodiversity can mostly be reduced to mosaic patterns, that is, forest canopy gaps that occur after a wildfire. However, reference analysis shows that the persistent opinion found in a number of works that a certain frequency of wildfires is necessary to maintain forest communities may be associated with ignored or misunderstood importance of biotic factors in the functioning of forests. In contemporary forest ecosystems, populations of key large mammal species disappeared or are greatly reduced; therefore, there are no microsites they usually form, including large forest canopy leaps (gaps, glades) that provide both opportunities for photophilous flora and pollinating insects to develop and generally sufficient conditions for multi-aged polydominant forest ecosystems with high biodiversity. In the forestry practice, measures are known to maintain mosaics. They include special types of felling, supporting populations of key animal species, etc., and are both significantly less catastrophic in comparison with the wildfire factor and substantiated biologically. The authors provide recommendations for the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in contemporary forests.

Key words: forest, fiers, vegetation, animals, key species, greenhouse gases, soil, climate, carbon, ecosystem services, emissions

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        N.V. Baranovskiy¹, D. S. Menshikov²

            ¹Tomsk Polytechnic University,

Russia, 634050, Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30

²State Specialized Design Institute

Russia, 630075, Novosibirsk, st. Bohdan Khmelnitsky, 2

E-mail: firedanger@yandex.ru

Received 17 February 2021

Revised 14 June 2021

Accepted 29 June 2021

It is necessary to develop quantitative methods to assess the formation of thermal burns in the morphological parts of coniferous trees. The purpose of the study can be formulated as follows: mathematical modeling of heat transfer in the layered structure of a coniferous tree branch under the influence of a forest fire front. The heat propagation in the “branch-needles-flame zone” system is described by a system of non-stationary differential equations of heat conduction with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. As an object of research, a digital model of a branch of a coniferous tree for various species, namely, pine, larch and fir, was used. Temperature distributions are obtained for different variants of the branch structure and conditions of the impact of the forest fire front. Conclusions are made about the need for further modernization of the mathematical model. The developed model is the basis for creating software tools for specialized geographic information systems.

Key words: forest fire, branch, heat transfer, impact, thermal injure

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I. V. Glushkov, V. V. Lupachik, I. V. Zhuravleva, A. Yu. Yaroshenko, A. F. Komarova, M. A. Drozdovskaya, A. N. Drozdovskiy, A. V. Pilipenko, N. Yu. Barakova, M. Yu. Vasilieva, D. B. Koltsov, Yu. E. Zenkevitch, A. G. Zudkin, A. A. Andreeva

Greenpeace Russia
Russia, 125040 Moscow, Leningradskiy prospect, 26/1

E-mail: alexey.yaroshenko@greenpeace.org

Received 12 April 2021

Revised 26 June 2021

Accepted 29 June 2021

Landscape fires are one of the main factors of anthropogenic vegetation and soil transformation, as well as anthropogenic climate change. Despite this, until now there have been no detailed estimates of the scale of all types of landscape fires throughout Russia for a full calendar year. This work was aimed at providing such an assessment for landscape fires in 2020, as well as creating a publicly available map of these fires. The fires were mapped by experts and specially trained volunteers on the basis of Sentinel-2 MSI medium spatial resolution satellite images (20 m/pixel) for two periods — from January 1 to May 15, and from May 16 to December 31 inclusive. The total area of identified landscape fires was 25.84 million hectares. The division of the identified fires into presumably controlled (prescribed burning) and uncontrolled (actually fires) was not carried out within the framework of this work. However, the burned areas, corresponding to the area criterion established for single prescribed burnings (up to 10 hectares), account for only 0.96% of the total area of detected fires. The final map of landscape fires, compiled as a result of this work, is available in the public domain at https://maps.greenpeace.org/maps/gpru/fires_2020.

Key words: landscape fires, abandoned lands, spring fires, forest fires

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]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/4-2-2021-podolskaia/ Tue, 27 Jul 2021 18:58:12 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=4295

E. S. Podolskaia

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation

E-mail: podols_kate@mail.ru

Received 13.04.2021

Revised 12.05.2021

Accepted 21.06.2021

Forest industry today has some experience of using Open Source-programs. The article describes the Open Source QGIS plugins to solve the forestry challenges for the forest fire management and forest resources in scientific and applied research. Undertaken analysis will simplify selection of tools for a forest geoinformation project in Desktop and Web versions. A general brief description of modern plugins in QGIS (version 3.18.1) is given, and forestry plugins are characterized. An analysis of external QGIS plugins for working with forest resources and forest fires showed the heterogeneity of research, which has not identified any trends yet. Development of plugins with available data as map services for territories of different spatial coverage may be an option for the future research, while the ability to access archived data is important for the forest industry. The niche of thematic forest tasks in the modern QGIS plugin repository continues to be quite narrow. Transport and environmental applications implemented in GIS tools are more numerous and can solve some tasks of a forest project. Such review of plugins’ functionality should be done on a regular basis, following new developments and new versions of QGIS software.

Key words: forest resources, forest fires, forestry management, QGIS, plugin

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   A.S. Plotnikova

              Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS,

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

E-mail: plotnikova-as-cepl@yandex.ru

Received 10.05.2021

Revised 08 June 2021

Accepted 29 June 2021

The article is devoted to the review of various methodological approaches to the estimation of natural fire danger (NFD), as well as to the creation, updation and application of the NFD maps, which are offered by modern Russian scholars. The scale of natural fire danger assessment recommended for use and developed by I. S. Melekhov is presented and analyzed. The methodological drawbacks of this scale as stated by modern researchers are indicated. The paper reviews the development of a new methodological approach to compilation of regional scales for assessing the natural fire danger of forests, by taking into account the links between forest growth conditions as well as seasonal and climatic conditions in the regions of the Russian Federation. The method for mapping of natural fire danger on the basis of maps of plant combustible materials, proposed by the scientific group of the V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, is studied. We consider studies of the Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University related to investigation if the possibility for applying mathematical modeling methods for long-term forecasting of changes in NFD under different scenarios of forest management. The method for annual mapping of NFD classes, proposed in the CEPF RAS, is presented. An example of the use of NFD maps in assessing the probability of forest fires in the ICARP FEB RAS is considered. Future research areas are identified, namely, a cartographic representation of the created regional scales of NFD and the results of mathematical modeling of long-term changes in NFD.

Кey words: natural fire danger, vegetation fuel maps, forest fires

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