E. A. Ivanova^{1, 2}, M. A. Danilova², V. E. Smirnov², V. V. Ershov¹

¹ Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems KSC RAS

Akademgorodok st. 14a, Apatity, Murmansk region, 184209, Russia

² Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

^*E-mail: ea.ivanova@ksc.ru

Received: 16.08.2023

Revised: 19.09.2023

Accepted: 20.09.2023

A comparative assessment of the processes of initial stages of decomposition of plant residues (pine needles, spruce needles, leaves of boreal shrubs, moss thalli) in lichen-shrub pine forests and shrub-green-moss spruce forests formed under natural conditions at the northern limit of distribution was carried out. The characteristics of the litter initial composition, the rate of decomposition and changes in the chemical composition of plant residues in the process of destruction caused by the forest type were studied. The higher initial content of C_org in the plant tissues of pine forest is associated with favorable lighting conditions under the forest canopy, while the high content of Mn in the tissues of ground cover plants in spruce forests is due to the direct influence of spruce needle litter rich in this nutrient. The results of the study clearly demonstrated that the forest type has a significant impact both on the initial quality of the litterfall of the same plant species and on the rate of decomposition: in the spruce forest spruce needles and lingonberry leaves with a higher content of nutrients (Mg, Mn, P) and narrow ratios of elements (C:N, C:P) were characterized by more active decomposition processes. However, green moss litter, despite its high quality in spruce forests, decomposed more actively in pine forests, which may be due to a large amount of precipitation in pine forests. Thus, differences in the rate of decomposition of plant residues are influenced by a combination of the plant material quality, temperature conditions and precipitation amount associated with the forest type.

Key words: forest type, decomposition of litter, plant residues, quality of litter

REFERENCES

Aponte C., García L. V., Marañón T., Tree species effects on nutrient cycling and soil biota: A feedback mechanism favouring species coexistence, Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, Vol. 309, рр. 36–46.

Atkina L. I., Geografo-lesotipologicheskie zakonomernosti struktury i zapasa napochvennogo pokrova taezhnykh lesov: avtoref. diss. dokt. s-kh. nauk (Geographical and forest typological patterns of the structure and reserve of the ground cover of taiga forests, Doctor’s agricult. sci. thesis), Ekaterinburg, 2000, 37 p.

Atlas Murmanskoi oblasti (Atlas of the Murmansk region), Moscow: Izd-vo Glavnogo Upravleniya Geodezii i Kartografii pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR, 1971, 44 p.

Belov N. P., Baranovskaya A. V., Pochvy Murmanskoi oblasti (Soils of the Murmansk region), Leningrad: Nauka, 1969, 147 p.

Berg B., Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils, Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, Vol. 133, pp. 13–22.

Berg B., McClaugherty C., Plant litter — decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration, 2nd, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, 340 p.

Bobkova K. S., Rol’ lesnoj podstilki v funkcionirovanii khvojnykh ehkosistem Evropejskogo Severa (The role of forest litter in the functioning of coniferous ecosystems of the European North), Vestnik Instituta biologii Komi NC URO RAN, 2000, No 9 (35), 2000, available at: https://kurl.ru/oMrnF (November 15, 2023)

Bödeker I. T. M., Lindahl B. D., Olson Å., Clemmensen K. E., Mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds compete for the same organic substrates but affect decomposition differently, Functional Ecology. British Ecological Society, 2016, Vol. 30, No 12, рр. 1967–1978.

Bradford M. A., Berg B., Maynard D. S., Wieder W. R., Wood S. A., Understanding the dominant controls on litter decomposition, Journal of Ecology, 2016, Vol. 104, No 1, рр. 229–238.

Chavez-Vergara B., Merino A., Vázquez-Marrufo G., García-Oliva F., Organic matter dynamics and microbial activity during decomposition of forest floor under two native neotropical oak species in a temperate deciduous forest in Mexico, Geoderma, 2014, Vol. 235-236, рр. 133–145.

Chertov O. G., Men’shikova G. P., Izmenenie lesnykh pochv pod deistviem kislykh osadkov (Changes in forest soils under the influence of acid precipitation), Izvestiya AN SSSR. Seriya biologiya, 1983, No 6, pp. 110–115.

Cornelissen J. H. C., van Bodegom P. M., Aerts R., Callaghan T. V., van Logtestijn R. S. P., …, & Team M. O. L., Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf decomposition rates in cold biomes, Ecology Letters, 2007, Vol. 10, рр. 619–627.

De Marco A., Vittozzi P., Rutigliano F. A., Virzo de Santo A. Nutrient dynamics during decomposition of four different pine litters [in:] Leone V., Lovreglio R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the international workshop MEDPINE 3: conservation, regeneration and restoration of Mediterranean pines and their ecosystems, Bari: CIHEAM, 2007, pp. 73–77.

Ershov V. V., Fitogennoe var’irovanie sostava atmosfernykh vypadenii i pochvennykh vod severotaezhnykh lesov v usloviyakh aerotekhnogennogo zagryazneniya, Diss. … kand. biol. nauk (Phytogenic variation of the composition of atmospheric precipitation and soil waters of the North Taiga forests under aerotechnogenic pollution, Candidate’s biol. sci. thesis), Apatity, 2021, 188 p.

Evdokimova G. A., Mozgova N. P., Mikroorganizmy tundrovykh i lesnykh podzolov Kol’skogo Severa (Microorganisms of tundra and forest podzols of the Kola North), Apatity: KNTs RAN, 2001, 184 p.

Fang X., Zhao L., Zhou G., Huang W., Liu J., Increased litter input increases litter decomposition and soil respiration but has minor effects on soil organic carbon in subtropical forests, Plant Soil, 2015, Vol. 392, pp. 139–153.

Fedorets N. G., Bakhmet O. N., Osobennosti formirovaniya pochv i pochvennogo pokrova Karelo-Kol’skogo regiona (Peculiarities of soil and soil cover formation in the Karelia — Kola region), Trudy Karel’skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN, 2016, No 12, pp. 39‒51.

Helmisaari H.-S., Temporal variation in nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris needles, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1990, No 5, pp. 177–193.

Hilli S., Significance of litter production of forest stands and ground vegetation in the formation of organic matter and storage of carbon in boreal coniferous forests, Forest Condition Monitoring in Finland — National report, P. Merilä, S. Jortikka (Eds.), The Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013, pp. 77–83.

Hobbie E. A., Macko S. A., Shugart H. H., Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence, Oecologia, 1999, Vol. 118, No 3, pp. 353–360.

Högberg P., Näsholm T., Franklin O., Högberg M. N., Tamm Review: On the nature of the nitrogen limitation to plant growth in Fennoscandian boreal forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 2017, Vol. 403, pp. 161–185.

Husson F., Le S., Pages J., Exploratory multivariate analysis by example using R, 2nd edition, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2017, 248 p.

Isaeva L. G., Sukhareva T. A., Elementnyi sostav dikorastushchikh kustarnichkov v zone vozdeistviya kombinata “Severonikel’”: dannye mnogoletnego monitoring (Elemental composition of wild small shrubs in the area of influence of “Severoniсkel” combine: data of long-term monitoring), Tsvetnye metally, 2013, No 10, pp. 87–92.

Ivanova E. A., Lukina N. V., Danilova M. A., Artemkina N. A., Smirnov V. E., Ershov V. V., Isaeva L. G., Vliyanie aerotekhnogennogo zagryazneniya na skorost’ razlozheniya rastitel’nykh ostatkov v sosnovykh lesakh na severnom predele rasprostraneniya (The effect of air pollution on the rate of decomposition of plant litter at the northern limit of pine forests), Lesovedenie, 2019, No 6, pp. 533–546.

Kishchenko I. T., Lesovedenie i lesnaya ekologiya. Uchebnoe posobie dlya bakalavriata i magistratury (Forestry and forest ecology. Textbook for bachelor’s and Master’s degrees), Moscow: Izd-vo Yurait, 2019, 393 p.

Kolmogorova E. Yu., Ufimtsev V. I., Nekotorye osobennosti khimicheskogo sostava opada sosny obyknovennoi, proizrastayushchei  v usloviyakh porodnogo otvala (Some peculiarities of the chemical composition of Scotch pine debris, growing under conditions of coal pit), Uspekhi sovremennogo estestvoznaniya, 2018, No 11, Part. 2, pp. 267–272.

Kuznetsov M. A., Osipov A. F., Rastitel’nyi opad kak komponent biologicheskogo krugovorota ugleroda v zabolochennykh khvoinykh soobshchestvakh srednei taigi (Plant litter as a component of the biological carbon cycle of wet coniferous communities in the middle taiga), Vestnik Instituta biologii Komi NTs Ural’skogo otdeleniya RAN, Izd-vo Instituta biologii Komi NTs UrO RAN, 2011, No 9, pp. 10–12.

Kuznetsov M. A., Vliyanie uslovii razlozheniya i sostava opada na kharakteristiki i zapas podstilki v srednetaezhnom chernichno-sfagnovom el’nike (Effect of decomposition conditions and falloff composition on litter reserves and characteristics in a bilberry-sphagnum spruce forest of middle taiga), Lesovedenie, 2010, No 6, pp. 54–60.

Larionova A. A., Kvitkina A. K., Bykhovets S. S., Lopes-de-Gerenyu V. O., Kolyagin Yu. G., Kaganov V. V., Vliyanie azota na mineralizatsiyu i gumifikatsiyu lesnykh opadov v model’nom eksperimente (The contribution of nitrogen to mineralization and humification of forest litter in simulation study), Lesovedenie, 2017, No 2, pp. 128–139.

Leonard L. T., Mikkelson K., Hao Z., Brodie E. L., Williams K. H., Sharp J. O., A comparison of lodgepole and spruce needle chemistry impacts on terrestrial biogeochemical processes during isolated decomposition, PeerJ, 2020, Vol. 8, Article: e9538.

Ligrone R., Carafa A., Duckett J. G., Renzaglia K. S., Ruel K., Immunocytochemical detection of lignin-related epitopes in cell walls in bryophytes and the charalean alga Nitella, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2008, Vol. 270, pp. 257–272.

Lukina N. V. Polyanskaya L. M., Orlova M. A., Pitatel’nyi rezhim pochv severotaezhnykh lesov (Nutrient regime of soils of the north taiga forests), Moscow: Nauka, 2008, 342 p.

Lukina N. V., Gorbacheva T. T., Nikonov V. V., Lukina M. A., Spatial variability of soil acidity in Al-Fe-humus podzols of northern taiga, Eurasian Soil Science, 2002, Vol. 35, No 2, pp. 144–155.

Lukina N. V., Nikonov V. V., Biogeokhimicheskie tsikly v lesakh Severa v usloviyakh aerotekhnogennogo zagryazneniya (Biogeochemical cycles in the Northern forest ecosystems subjected to air pollution), Apatity: Izd-vo KNTs RAN, 1996, Part 1, 213 p., Part 2, 192 p.

Lukina N. V., Nikonov V. V., Isaeva L. G., Kislotnost’ i pitatel’nyi rezhim pochv elovykh lesov (Acidity and nutrient regime of spruce forest soils), [in:] Korennye elovye lesa: bioraznoobrazie, struktura, funktsii (Native spruce forests: biodiversity, structure, functions), Saint-Petersburg: Nauka, 2006, 298 p.

Lukina N. V., Nikonov V. V., Pitatel’nyi rezhim lesov severnoi taigi: prirodnye i tekhnogennye aspekty (Nutrient status of north taiga forests: natural regularities and pollution-induced changes), Apatity: Izd-vo KNTsRAN, 1998, 316 p.

Lukina N. V., Orlova M. A., Isaeva L. G., Forest soil fertility: the base of relationships between soil and vegetation, Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2011, Vol. 4, No 7, pp. 725–733.

Lukina N. V., Orlova M. A., Steinnes E., Artemkina N. A., Gorbacheva T. T., Smirnov V. E., Belova E. A., Plodorodie lesnyh pochv kak osnova vzaimosvyazi pochva — rastitel’nost’ (Fertility of forest soils as the basis of the soil-vegetation relationship), Lesovedenie, 2010, No 5, pp. 45–56.

Molchanov A. G., Comparison of eco-physiological indicators of pine and spruce in the Serebryanoborsky experimental forestry, Lesohozyajstvennaya informaciya, 2020, No 1, pp. 115–124.

Nikonov V. V., Lukina N. V., Bezel’ V. S., Bel’skii E. A., Bespalova A. Yu., …, & Yatsenko-Khmelevskaya M. A., Rasseyannye elementy v boreal’nykh lesakh (Scattered elements in boreal forests), Moscow: Nauka, 2004, 616 p.

Nikonov V. V., Lukina N. V., Polyanskaya L. M., Panikova A. N., Osobennosti rasprostraneniya mikroorganizmov v Al-Fe-gumusovykh podzolakh severotaezhnykh elovykh lesov: prirodnye i tekhnogennye aspekty (Features of the microorganisms distribution in Al-Fe-humus podzols under northern taiga spruce forests: natural and technogenic aspects), Mikrobiologiya, 2001, Vol. 70, No 3, pp. 319–328.

Ogden A. E., Schmidt M. G., Litterfall and soil characteristics in canopy gaps occupied by vine maple in a coastal western hemlock forest, Сanadian Journal of Soil Science, 1997, Vol. 77, No 4, pp. 703-711.

Orlova M. A., Lukina N. V., Kamaev I. O., Smirnov V. E., Kravchenko T. V., Mozaichnost’ lesnykh biogeotsenozov i produktivnost’ pochv (Forest ecosystem mosaics and soil fertility), Lesovedenie, 2011, No 6, pp. 39–48.

Pausas J. G., Litter fall and litter decomposition in Pinus sylvestris forests of the eastern Pyrenees, Journal of Vegetation Science, 1997, Vol. 8, pp. 643–650.

Pereverzev V. N., Lesnye pochvy Kol’skogo poluostrova (Forest soils of the Kola Peninsula), Moscow: Nauka, 2004, 232 p.

Polyanskaya L. M., Nikonov V. V., Lukina N. V., Panikova A. N., Zvyagintsev V. G., Mikroorganizmy Al-Fe-gumusovykh podzolov sosnyakov lishainikovykh v usloviyakh aerotekhnogennogo zagryazneniya (Microorganisms of Al-Fe-humus podzols under lichen pine forests affected by aerotechnogenic pollution), Pochvovedenie, 2001, No 2, pp. 215‒226.

Pomogaibin E. A., Pomogaibin A. V., Vliyanie derev’ev roda Juglans L. na tsellyulozorazrushayushchuyu aktivnost’ pochvy v usloviyakh dendrariya botanicheskogo sada Samarskogo universiteta (Juglans L. genus trees influence on cellulolytic soil activity in Samara University Botanical Garden Dendrarium), Samarskii nauchnyi vestnik, 2018, Vol. 7, No 1 (22), pp. 105–109.

Portillo-Estrada M., Pihlatie M., Korhonen J. F. J., Levula J., Frumau A. K. F., Ibrom A., Lembrechts J. J., Morillas L., Horváth L., Jones S. K., Niinemets Ü., Climatic controls on leaf litter decomposition across European forests and grasslands revealed by reciprocal litter transplantation experiments, Biogeosciences, 2016, Vol. 13, pp. 1621–1633.

R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2017, available at: http://www.R-project.org (November 15, 2023).

Rahman M. M., Tsukamoto J., Rahman M. M., Yoneyama A., Mostafa K. M., Lignin and its effects on litter decomposition in forests ecosystems, Chemistry and Ecology, 2013, Vol. 29, No 6, pp. 540–553.

Rakhleeva A. A., Semenova T. A., Striganova B. R., Terekhova V. A., Dinamika zoomikrobnykh kompleksov pri razlozhenii rastitel’nogo opada v el’nikakh Yuzhnoi taigi (Dynamics of zoomicrobial complexes upon decomposition of plant litter in spruce forests of the southern taiga), Pochvovedenie, 2011, No 1, pp. 44–55.

Rautio P., Huttunen S., Lamppu J. Seasonal foliar chemistry of northern Scots pine under sulphur and heavy metal pollution, Chemosphere, 1998, Vol. 37, No 2, pp. 271–287.

Rief A., Knapp B. A., Seeber J., Palatability of selected alpine plant litters for the decomposer Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae), PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7, Article: e45345.

Rowland A. P., Roberts J. D., Lignin and cellulose fractionation in decomposition studies using acid-detergent fibre methods, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1994, Vol. 25, No 3–4, pp. 269–277.

Sukhareva T. A., Elementnyi sostav zelenykh mkhov fonovykh i tekhnogennogo narushennykh territorii (The green moss elemental composition of the background and industrially disturbed areas), Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2018, No 3 (172), pp. 89–96.

Sukhareva T. A., Lukina N. V., Mineral’nyi sostav assimiliruyushchikh organov khvoinykh derev’ev posle snizheniya urovnya atmosfernogo zagryazneniya na Kol’skom poluostrove (Mineral composition of assimilative organs of conifers after reduction of atmospheric pollution in the Kola peninsula), Ekologiya, 2014. No 2, pp. 97–104.

Suvorova G. G., Fotosinteticheskaya aktivnost’ khvoinykh derev’ev v usloviyakh yuga Srednei Sibir, Avtoref. diss. … dokt. biol. nauk (Photosynthetic activity of coniferous trees in the conditions of the South of Central Siberia, Doctor’s agricult. sci.  thesis), Irkutsk, 2006, 40 p.

Tsandekova O. L., Dinamika nakopleniya zoly v opade Acer negundo L. v usloviyakh narushennykh poimennykh fitotsenozov (Dynamics of accumulation of ash in litter Acer negundo L. under conditions of disturbed floodplain phytocenoses), Byulleten’ nauki i praktiki, 2018, Vol. 4, No 12, pp. 148‒152.

Tsvetkov V. F., Lesnoi biogeotsenoz (Forest biogeocenosis), Arkhangelsk, 2004, 267 p.

Tu L-h., Hu H-l., Chen G., Peng Y., Xiao Y-l., Hu T-x., Zhang J., Li X-w., Liu L., Tang Y., Nitrogen addition significantly affects forest litter decomposition under high levels of ambient nitrogen deposition, PLoS One, 2014, Vol. 9, No 2, pp. 1–9.

Tuzhilkina V. V., Fotosinteticheskaya aktivnost’ sosny i eli v usloviyakh srednei podzony taigi Komi ASS, Diss. … kand. biol. nauk (Photosynthetic activity of pine and spruce in the conditions of the middle taiga subzone of the Komi ASSR, Candidate’s biol. sci. thesis), Syktyvkar, 1984, 148 p.

Vorob’eva I. G., Naumova A. N., Intensivnost’ protsessa destruktsii rastitel’nogo opada v pochvakh sukhikh mestoobitanii (Intensity of waste degradation in dry habitat soils), III international forest soil science conference: Productivity and resistance of forest soils, Proc. Conf., Petrozavodsk, 7‒11 September, 2009, pp. 192–195.

Vorob’eva L. A., Khimicheskii analiz pochv: Uchebnik (Chemical analysis of soils: Textbook), Moscow: MGU, 1998, 272 p.

Wardle D. A., Nilsson M.-C., Zackrisson O., Gallet C., Determinants of litter mixing effects in a Swedish boreal forest, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, Vol. 35, No 6, pp. 827–835.

Yang Q., Blanco N. E., Hermida-Carrera C., Lehotai N., Hurry V., Strand Å., Two dominant boreal conifers use contrasting mechanisms to reactivate photosynthesis in the spring, Nature Communications, 2020, Vol. 11, Article 128.

Zhang D., Hui D., Luo Y., Zhou G., Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: global patterns and controlling factors, Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, Vol. 1, No 2, pp. 85–93.

Zubkova E. V., Frolov P. V., Bykhovets S. S., Nadporozhskaya M. A., Frolova G. G., Mozaichnost’ tsenopopulyatsii cherniki i brusniki, i dinamika organicheskogo veshchestva pochvy v sosnyakakh Yuzhnogo Podmoskov’ya (Mosaic structure of blueberry and lingonberry cenopopulations and the dynamics of soil organic matter in the southern Moscow region pine forests), Lesovedenie, 2022, No 1, pp. 34–46.

Original Russian Text © 2022 E. V. Basova, N. V. Lukina, A. I. Kuznetsova, A. V. Gornov, N. E. Shevchenko, E. V. Tikhonova, A. P. Geraskina, T. Yu. Braslavskaya, D. N. Tebenkova, D. L. Lugovaya published in Forest Science Issues Vol. 5, No 3, Article 113.

E. V. Basova, N. V. Lukina, A. I. Kuznetsova, A. V. Gornov, N. E. Shevchenko, E. V. Tikhonova, A. P. Geraskina, T. Yu. Braslavskaya, D. N. Tebenkova, D. L. Lugovaya

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya St. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

E-mail: lenabasova7@gmail.com

Received: 01.09.2022

Revised: 17.10.2022

Accepted: 18.11.2022

Relevance and goals. In the context of global climate change, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. There is still no functional classification of forests according to the effectiveness of carbon accumulation function. The aim of this paper is to discuss an approach to such classification based on the assessment of tree litter quality.

Objects and methods. To test the approach to the identification of functional types of forests based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the location in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks, data on soils and vegetation obtained at 23 testing sites in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaf forests of the European part of Russia on the territory of Bryansk Polesie and Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain were used. For indirect (Landolt’s ecological scales using the SpeDiv program) assessment of differences in the soil richness in forests belonging to different functional types, the species composition at 160 geobotanical plots in forest sites in the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma Regions, Krasnodar Territory, and the Republic of Adygea (Northwestern Caucasus) were analyzed.

Results. Examples of functional forest types for coniferous — broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia are given. The differences in soil carbon stock between forests belonging to different functional types were found, and a preliminary assessment of the influence of the location in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soils on the accumulation of carbon in soils in the same functional forest types is given.

Conclusion. Based on the quality of the tree litter, 15 functional forest types were identified, which are confirmed by examples of forests in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Northwestern Caucasus. The validity of identification of functional forest types for the efficiency of carbon accumulation in soils based on the quality of tree litter, taking into account the influence of “external factors” (the location of forests in the geochemically linked landscape and the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks), was confirmed by data obtained at 23 sites. Using this approach allowed us to reveal differences in the soil carbon stock and related characteristics of soil fertility estimated on an ecological scale between the functional forest types, identified on the base of tree litter in the mixed, coniferous-broad-leaved forests at the same location in the geochemically linked landscape. Differences in soil carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of the same functional forest types formed on clay loam and sandy loam soil-forming rocks were also revealed. Differences in soil carbon stocks in forests belonging to the same functional type, but formed at different locations in the geochemically linked landscape, have been confirmed: soil carbon stocks were higher in forests at the transit landscapes compared to those in autonomous ones.

Keywords: coniferous-broad-leaved forests, forest functional classification, functional types of forests, carbon stocks

Currently, attention is being increasingly focused on the forest ecosystem functions and services. Forests perform ecosystem functions/services of all four categories: regulating, providing supporting and cultural (Millennium Ecosystem Assestment, 2005). In this regard, it becomes important to develop new approaches to the functional classification of forest ecosystems based on the effectiveness of their various functions (Lukina et al., 2021).

In the context of global climate change associated with an increase in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, the climate-regulating function of forests deserves special attention. Forests can absorb greenhouse gases and store carbon in both biomass and soil pools. A number of studies have shown that the effectiveness of forests in performing the function of carbon accumulation, in particular carbon accumulation in the soil, can be influenced by various natural and anthropogenic factors (Mazhitova et al., 2003; Chestnyh et al., 2004; Mashika, 2005; Shchepashchenko et al., 2013; Bobkova et al., 2014; Baeva et al., 2017; Telesnina et al., 2017; Bakhmet, 2018; Dymov, 2018; Demakov et al., 2018; Chestnyh et al., 2020; Ryzhova et al., 2020; Akkumuljacija …, 2018; Lukina et al., 2020; Kuznetsova et al., 2021). Internal and external factors can be distinguished among natural factors. Internal factors include vegetation, soil microorganisms and animals, and other biota; external factors include abiotic factors such as soil-forming rocks, climate, and relief. Among anthropogenic factors, the regime of forest management and land use in general, the pollution-induced factor, and fires are important.

Vegetation as the main source of organic matter entering the soil determines the level of accumulation of soil organic matter. The dynamics of soil carbon pools caused by vegetation are influenced by the quantity and quality of tree species litter, both individually and jointly (Castellano et al., 2015; Kuznetsova et al., 2021).

The quality of the litter depends on the species composition and age structures of forest trees, as well as the stages of tree plant ontogenetic development, and is determined by the ratio of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.) and secondary metabolites (polyphenols, lignin, etc.) in the litter; an important indicator is the C/N ratio (Berg, 2020). The quality of the litter regulates the rate of decomposition of plant residues — the main source of nutrients for saprophages (Krishna, 2017). According to the quality of the litter, functional types of plants can be distinguished (Cornelissen et al., 2007).

The functional classification of forest ecosystems according to the effectiveness of their carbon cycle regulation can be based on the quality of plant litter (Lukina et al., 2021). In coniferous-broad-leaved forests, a significant proportion of plant litter, which decisively affects the accumulation of soil carbon, is formed by tree plants. Low-quality litter, that is, with a low content of bases, nitrogen, high acidity, high content of lignin, and other secondary metabolites, as well as a wide C/N ratio, is characteristic of coniferous trees. Earlier, when comparing coniferous tree species with each other, it was noted that the litter in pine forests differed in a much wider C/N ratio than in spruce forests (Lukina et al., 2020). A number of studies of European (Lovett et al., 2004; Reich et al., 2005; Oostra et al., 2006) and North American (Finzi et al., 1998; Neirynck et al., 2000; Dijkstra, Fitzhugh, 2003; Hagen-Thorn et al., 2004) scientists showed differences in the litter quality , C stocks and C/N ratio between some broad-leaved forests forming by different tree species (Fraxinus exelsior, Fagus orientalis and the genera Acer and Quercus): ash and maple are grouped into plants with high litter quality, while oak and beech are characterized by a relatively low N content in the litter, a wider C/N ratio, low decomposition rate.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the results of the implementation of an approach to the functional classification of coniferous-broad-leaved forests based on the relationships between the quality of tree litter and carbon stocks in soils.

At this stage of the work, we raised the scientific tasks as follows:

• to determine which functional types of forests can be identified on the basis of tree litter quality in coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia;
• to find out whether the functional types of forests identified on the basis of the proposed approach differ in terms of soil carbon stocks;
• to demonstrate the influence of location in the geochemically linked landscape of forest ecosystems belonging to the same functional forest types (FFT) and of soil forming rocks on carbon accumulation in soils.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The analysis includes data on geobotanical descriptions of forest communities and soil characteristics of 23 sites representing forests in autonomous and transit locations in landscapes on soil-forming rocks of different mechanical compositions (sandy loam, clay loam) in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaves forests of the European part of Russia. On loamy soil-forming rocks of the Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain (MO), oak-spruce forests with lime and boreal-nemoral herbs were studied. On the sandy Bryansk forest area (BFA), polydominant broad-leaved forests with spruce and nemoral herbs, pine forests with dwarf shrubs and green mosses, and aspen-birch nemoral forests were studied.

Geobotanical descriptions were performed on 20×20 m permanent sample plots according to the standard methodology (Akkumuljacija …, 2018). Samples from the soil mineral horizons using a soil drill below and between the trees, and soil samples were taken up deeper, to a depth of 100 cm between the trees manually, using a shovel. Litter samples were taken at sites 0.25×0.25 m. All sample plots were established in triplicate. In the laboratory, samples from mineral horizons were dried and sieved through a 2 mm sieve, chemical analysis was carried out in samples of a fraction less than 2 mm. Litter samples were dried and weighed to determine the stock (Akkumuljacija …, 2018). The carbon and nitrogen content in all samples was determined using a CHN analyzer (EA 1110 (CHNS-O)).

An indirect assessment of the soil fertility in forests belonging to different FFTs was carried out on the Landolt ecological scale using the SpeDiv program, the species compositions of 160 geobotanical plots of forest vegetation in the Moscow, Bryansk, Smolensk, Kostroma Regions, Krasnodar Territory, and the Republic of Adygea (Northwestern Caucasus) were analyzed.

The inventory of forest communities within the identofied FFTs was based on the materials of Forest cenofond within European Russia (Cenofond …, 2010), for the Northwestern Caucasus — based on the materials of the original database of geobotanical descriptions of forest communities of the Northwestern Caucasus (by Shevchenko) and published data (Francuzov, 2006).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the quality of the litter, the plants of the tree layer were divided into 4 main functional groups:

• deciduous trees with fast decomposing litter (these include species of the genera Acer, Fraxinus, Tilia, Ulmus, Betula, Alnus);
• deciduous trees with slow-decomposing litter (Populus, Quercus, Fagus);
• dark coniferous trees (Picea /Abies);
• light coniferous (Pinus).

Based on data from the Forest cenofond within European Russia (Cenofond …, 2010), up to 160 different taxonomic forest types can be identified in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of European Russia. The tree layer of these forests can be monodominant, particularly at the early stages of natural succession or on plantations, but more often in the tree layer of forests of the subtaiga subzone, various species belonging to different functional groups in terms of the quality of litter are combined. In this regard, all the variety of forest taxonomical types found in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia can be attributed to 15 main functional types (Table 1), identified on the basis of the quality of plant litter affecting the level of carbon accumulation in the soil (Akkumuljacija …, 2018; Lukina et al., 2021; Kuznetsova, 2022). In the coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Northwestern Caucasus, secondary after-logging communities with significant contribution of small-leaved tree species (hornbeam, alder, aspen, etc.) are developed over large areas. Old-age intact forests are formed, as a rule, by spruce, oak, beech, and fir (Akkumuljacija …, 2018). Based on the quality of the tree litter in the Northwestern Caucasus, 14 functional types of forest were identified.

Table 1. Functional forest types (FFTs) and their corresponding groups of forest types in the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and in the belt of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Northwestern Caucasus

* Here and further — the share of the predominant species in the total tree layer — is more than 90%;

** In the tree layer, species can be combined in a fairly wide range of ratios for the cover (50/50%, 90/10%).

As it is known, nitrogen and carbon are closely related in organic matter, and the ratios between them are tissue-specific and species-specific. The conjugacy of nitrogen and carbon content in the soil of European part of Russia was also confirmed earlier in a number of our works (Akkumuljacija …, 2018; Kuznetsova et al., 2021). Based on this, for an indirect assessment of the effectiveness of the function of carbon accumulation in soils by forests belonging to different FFTs, a characteristic of nitrogen richness in soil was used, obtained on the basis of an analysis of species composition on the Landolt scale of soil richness. The geobotanical descriptions of the mountain forests of the Northwestern Caucasus and lowland forests of European Russia, attributed to the same FFT, were analyzed (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. The richness of the soil with nitrogen (Landolt indicator values). The x-axis signatures represent the functional types of the forest (see Table 1).

Note: The histogram is based on the average values of soil richness points based on the analysis of 160 geobotanical descriptions (10 descriptions for each functional type).

In the Northwestern Caucasus, the values of soil richness were higher in all FFTs except for A4 (light coniferous forests). The A4 type has the lowest values of soil richness for both the Northwestern Caucasus and the plains of the European part; the difference in values between the two regions was also minimal for this type. Despite the fact that the values of soil richness in forest ecosystems belonging to the same FFT differ in the regions, which was explained by differences in climatic, soil, and orographic conditions, both in the Northwestern Caucasus and on the plains of the European part of Russia, there is a similar tendency for soil richness indicators to change from type to type, which confirms the key role of vegetation and the quality of plant litter in the accumulation of organic matter in the soil.

Direct soil measurements were performed for forests belonging to functional types A4 (pine forests), A9 (mixed type, in layer A, deciduous tree species with slow and rapidly decomposing litter are combined) formed on sandy loam soils in the Bryansk forest area and A11 (mixed forests: in the tree layer, dark coniferous and deciduous species with fast- and slow-decomposing litter), growing in the Bryansk forest area, as well as on loams on the Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain. Figure 2 shows the contribution of species of different functional groups in the tree layer cover of these 3 FFTs.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2. The ratio of the cover of tree species of different functional groups (DRD — deciduous trees with rapidly decomposing litter, DSD — deciduous trees with slowly decomposing litter, DC — dark coniferous trees, LC — light coniferous trees) in layer A in forests of functional types A4 (a), A9 (b), and A11 (c). On X-axis for a, b: ordinal numbers of sites; for c: BFA (1–3) — sites in the Bryansk forest area, MO (1–2) — sites on the Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain

In forests of A4 type, 90% of the tree layer cover was composed by light coniferous species (in this case Pinus sylvestris), in forests of A9 type deciduous trees of different functional groups were combined in different proportions.

In A11 forests, the contribution in the tree layer of trees of dark coniferous species (DC), deciduous with rapidly (DRD) and slowly decomposing (DSD) litter was different.

Soil measurements in the forests of the Bryansk forests, forming in similar landscape location and climatic conditions on soil-forming rocks of similar composition, also revealed a difference in the soil carbon stocks between the forests belonging to different FFTs (Fig. 3, 4).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. Carbon stock in the forest litter (a) and the mineral layer of the soil (b) in forest ecosystems of functional types A9 and A4 in autonomous landscapes, t/ha. On X-axis: L, FH — litter subhorizons, 0–30 cm, 30–100 cm — soil layers (mineral part)

(a)

 (b)

Figure 4. Carbon stock in the forest litter (a) and the mineral layer of the soil (b) in forest ecosystems of functional types A9 and A4 in transit landscapes, t/ha

In autonomous landscapes, the carbon stock in litter of aspen-birch forests (FFT A9) and pine forests (FFT A4) demonstrated some differences (p = 0.05) for both the L and the FH litter subhorizons, in the mineral profile the differences were also found in the upper (0–30 cm) layer (p = 0.05) (Fig. 4 (b)): carbon stock in the litter of A4 pine forests was higher, in soil mineral horizons, on the contrary, carbon stock was higher in A9 (Fig. 3 (b)).

In transit landscapes, carbon stock demonstrated significant differences between the two FFTs only in the FH subhorizon (p = 0.008), whereas no significant differences were found in the mineral profile (Fig. 4).

The influence of the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks and location of forest in the geochemically linked landscape on the function of carbon accumulation in the soil of forests belonging to the same FFT has also been assessed.

When comparing the soil carbon stock in A9 forests at different landscape locations, no differences were found in carbon stock in mineral layers: the average values of carbon stock were 36.2 t/ha, 6.5 t/ha, and 23.0 t/ha in mineral layers 0–15, 15–30, and 30–100 cm of soil, correspondingly, in autonomous landscape. In transit landscape, soil carbon stock averaged 33.0 t/ha, 13.9 t/ha, and 24.4 t/ha in layers 0–15, 15–30, and 30–100 cm, correspondingly. Perhaps, the lack of statistically significant differences was due to insufficient number of samples.

The expected pronounced differences in soil carbon stock between forests at autonomous and transit landscapes were found in forests of A4 type (light coniferous). In this case, the Mann-Whitney U test has confirmed the reliability of differences between carbon stock in forests formed in different location of geochemically linked landscapes in the soil layer of 0–30 cm and 30–100 cm (p = 0.037): 20.3 t/ha and 14.2 t/ha in transit conditions, respectively, and 55.9 t/ha and 39.2 t/ha in autonomous conditions, respectively.

Carbon stock in soils of A11 functional forest type formed on soil-forming rocks of different mechanical composition in the Bryansk forest area and on the Moskvoretsko-Okskaya plain in similar, autonomous landscapes differ in the litter and mineral layer 0–15 cm (Fig. 5).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5. Carbon stock in the forest litter (a) and mineral layers of the soil (b, c) in FFT A11, mt/ha. On the x-axis: L, FH — subhorizons of the litter; 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–50 cm — soil layers (mineral part)

The carbon stock in the litter (subhorizon FH) was higher in forests on sandy loam soils, whereas in the mineral horizons of soils (in layers of 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm) soil carbon stock was higher in forests on loam. The maximum differences (almost 2 times) were found in the soil layer from 30 to 50 cm, and visible differences were also revealed in the upper part of the mineral layer (0-15 cm).

CONCLUSION

The quality of plant litter is an important factor regulating the accumulation of soil organic matter and the dynamics of soil carbon pools, and can be an informative indicator for classifying forests according to the effectiveness of their carbon cycle regulation function.

In coniferous-broad-leaved forests, a significant proportion of plant litter is formed by tree plants. The quality of tree litter affects the accumulation of soil carbon in the forests of this subzone. Based on the litter quality, the plants of the tree layer can be divided into 4 main functional groups: deciduous trees with rapidly decomposing litter, deciduous trees with slowly decomposing litter, dark coniferous and light coniferous trees.

In the subzone of coniferous-broad-leaved forests, both monodominant and polydominant forest communities are common, where species of different functional groups are combined in the tree layer. Taking into account the various combinations of such species in the forest stands, 15 FFTs have been preliminarily identified. All 15 FFTs were found on the plains of the European part of Russia; almost all similar FFTs were found in the belt of coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the Northwestern Caucasus. This paper only demonstrates the differences in soil carbon stock using direct measurements in forests belonging to different FFTs and also using an indirect assessment of soil richness based on an ecological scale.

The influence of soil-forming rocks on the accumulation of carbon in the soil was confirmed: a difference in soil carbon stock in forests of the same FFT on clay loam and sandy loam soils was found. Differences in soil carbon stock in forests formed at different  location in the geochemically linked landscape were also confirmed: in forests of functional type A4 (with a predominance of species of light coniferous trees) of transit landscapes, soil carbon stock was higher than that of  autonomous landscape, but in forests of functional type A9 (with a combination of species of deciduous trees with slow and rapidly decomposing litter), the influence of the position in the geochemically linked landscape has not been revealed.

To verify the relationships between the FFT and carbon stocks in soils found in this study taking into account the mechanical composition of soil-forming rocks and forest location in the geochemically linked landscape, it is necessary to continue with using more number of testing forest sites.

FINANCING

The research was carried out as a part of the most important innovative project of national importance “Development of a system for ground-based and remote monitoring of carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes in the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring the creation of recording data systems on the fluxes of climate-active substances and the carbon budget in forests and other terrestrial ecological systems” (Registration number: 123030300031-6).

REFERENCES

Akkumuljacija ugleroda v lesnyh pochvah i sukcessionnyj status lesov (Carbon accumulation in forest soils and the successive status of forests), Lukina N. V. (Ed.), Moscow: KMK, 2018, 232 p.

Baeva Ju. I., Kurganova I. N., Pochikalov A. V., Kudejarov V. N., Fizicheskie svojstva i izmenenie zapasov ugleroda seryh lesnyh pochv v hode postagrogennoj jevoljucii (jug Moskovskoj oblasti) (Physical properties and changes in carbon stocks of gray forest soils during postagrogenic evolution (South of the Moscow region), Pochvovedenie, 2017, No 3, pp. 345–353.

Bakhmet O. N., Zapasy ugleroda v pochvah sosnovyh i elovyh lesov Karelii (Carbon reserves in the soils of pine and spruce forests of Karelia), Lesovedenie, 2018, No 1, pp. 48–55.

Berg B., McClaugherty C., Plant Litter, 4th ed. Switzerland, Cham: Springer, 2020, 332 p.

Bobkova K. S., Mashika A. V., Smagin A. V., Dinamika soderzhanija ugleroda organicheskogo veshhestva v srednetaezhnyh el’nikah na avtomorfnyh pochvah (Dynamics of the carbon content of organic matter in middle taiga spruce forests on automorphic soils), Saint-Petersburg: Nauka, 2014, 270 p.

Castellano M. J., Mueller K. E., Olk D. C., Sawyer J. E., Six J., Integrating plant litter quality, soil organic matter stabilization, and the carbon saturation concept, Global change biology, 2015, Vol. 21, No 9. pp. 3200–3209.

Cenofond lesov Evropejskoj Rossii (Forest cenofond within European Russia), 2010, URL: http://cepl.rssi.ru/bio/flora/main.htm (2022, 1 October).

Chestnyh O. V., Grabovskij V. I., Zamolodchikov D. G., Uglerod pochv lesnyh rajonov Evropejsko-Ural’skoj chasti Rossii (Carbon of soils of forest areas of the European-Ural part of Russia), Voprosy lesnoj nauki, 2020, Vol. 3, No 2, pp. 1–15.

Chestnyh O. V., Zamolodchikov D. G., Utkin A. I., Obshhie zapasy biologicheskogo ugleroda i azota v pochvah lesnogo fonda Rossii (Total reserves of biological carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the forest fund of Russia), Lesovedenie, 2004, No 4, pp. 30–42.

Cornelissen J. H., Lang S. I., Soudzilovskaia N. A., During H. J., Comparative cryptogam ecology: A review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry, Ann. Bot., 2007, Vol. 99, No 5, pp. 987–1001.

Demakov Ju. P., Isaev A. V., Nureev N. B., Mitjakova I. I., Granicy i prichiny variabel’nosti zapasov gumusa v pochvah lesov Srednego Povolzh’ja (Boundaries and causes of variability of humus reserves in the soils of forests of the Middle Volga region), Vestnik Povolzhskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnologicheskogo universiteta. Serija: Les. Jekologija. Prirodopol’zovanie, 2018, No 3, pp. 30–49.

Dijkstra F. A., Fitzhugh R. D., Aluminum solubility and mobility in relation to organic carbon in surface soils affected by six tree species of the northeastern United States, Geoderma, 2003, Vol. 114, No 1–2, pp. 33–47.

Dymov A. A., Pochvy poslerubochnyh, postpirogennyh i postagrogennyh lesnyh jekosistem severo-vostoka evropejskoj chasti Rossii, Avtoref. diss. kand. biol. nauk (Soils of post-harvest, post-pyrogenic and post-agrogenic forest ecosystems of the north-east of the European part of Russia, Candidate’s biological sci. thesis), Moscow: MGU, 2018, 46 p.

Finzi A. C., Van Breemen N., Canham C. D., Canopy tree–soil interactions within temperate forests: species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen, Ecological applications, 1998, Vol. 8, No 2, pp. 440–446.

Francuzov A. A., Floristicheskaja klassifikacija lesov s Fagus orientalis Lypsky i Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach v bassejne reki Beloj (Zapadnyj Kavkaz) (Dynamics of soil properties and vegetation composition during postagrogenic development in different bioclimatic zones Floristic classification of forests with Fagus orientalis Lypsky and Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach in the Belaya River basin (Western Caucasus), Rastitel’nost’ Rossii, 2006, No 9, pp. 76–85.

Hagen-Thorn A., Callesen I., Armolaitis K., Nihlgård B., The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land, Forest ecology and management, 2004, Vol. 195, No 3, pp. 373–384.

Krishna M. P., Litter decomposition in forest ecosystems: a review, Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2017, Vol. 2, No 4, pp. 236–249.

Kuznetsova A. I., Vlijanie rastitel’nosti na zapasy ugleroda v pochvah dominirujushhih hvojno-shirokolistvennyh lesov evropejskoj chasti Rossii, Diss. kand. biol nauk (The influence of vegetation on carbon stocks in the soils of the dominant coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia, Diss. cand. biol science), Moscow: Institut lesovedenija RAN, 2022, 130 p.

Kuznetsova A. I., Geraskina A. P., Lukina N. V., Smirnov V. Je., Tihonova E. V., Gornov A. V., Shevchenko N. E., Teben’kova D. N., Ruchinskaja E. V., Vlijanie bioticheskih i abioticheskih faktorov na zapasy pochvennogo ugleroda v lesah (Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on soil carbon stocks in forests), In: Bioraznoobrazie i funkcionirovanie lesnyh jekosistem (Biodiversity and functioning of forest ecosystems), Lukina N. V. (Ed.). Moscow: Tovarishhestvo nauchnyh izdanij KMK, 2021, pp. 131–152.

Lovett G. M., Weathers K. C., Arthur M. A., Schultz J. C., Nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest: do species matter, Biogeochemistry, 2004, Vol. 67, No 3, pp. 289–308.

Lukina N. V., Geraskina A. P., Kuznetsova A. I., Smirnov V. Je., Gornov A. V., Shevchenko N. E., Tihonova E. V., Teben’kova D. N., Basova E. V., Funkcional’naja klassifikacija lesov: aktual’nost’ i podhody k razrabotke (Functional classification of forests: relevance and approaches to development), Lesovedenie, 2021, No 6, pp. 566–580.

Lukina N., Kuznetsova A., Tikhonova E., Smirnov V., Danilova M., Gornov A., Bakhmet O., Kryshen A., Tebenkova D., Shashkov M., Knyazeva S., Linking Forest Vegetation and Soil Carbon Stock in Northwestern Russia, Forests, 2020, Vol. 11, No 9, Article 979.

Millennium Ecosystem Assestment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Washington, DC, USA: Island Press, 2005, Vol. 5, 155 p.

Mashika A. V., Dinamika soderzhanija organicheskogo ugleroda v pochvah elovyh lesov podzony srednej tajgi (Dynamics of organic carbon content in the soils of spruce forests of the Middle taiga subzone, Candidate’s biological sci. thesis), Moscow: Institut lesovedenija RAN, 2005, 24 p.

Mazhitova G. G., Kazakov V. G., Lopatin E. V., Virtanen T., Geoinformacionnaja sistema dlja bassejna r. Usy (Respublika Komi) i raschet zapasov pochvennogo ugleroda (Geoinformation system for the river basin Moustache (Komi Republic) and calculation of soil carbon reserves), Pochvovedenie, 2003. No 2, pp. 133–144.

Neirynck J., Mirtcheva S., Sioen G., Lust N., Impact of Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. on earthworm biomass and physico-chemical properties of a loamy topsoil, Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, Vol. 133, No 3, pp. 275–286.

Oostra S., Majdi H., Olsson M., Impact of tree species on soil carbon stocks and soil acidity in southern Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2006, Vol. 21, No 5, pp. 364–371.

Reich P. B., Oleksyn J., Modrzynski J., Mrozinski P., Hobbie S. E., Eissenstat D. M., Tjoelker M. G., Linking litter calcium, earthworms and soil properties: a common garden test with 14 tree species, Ecology letters, 2005, Vol. 8, No 8, pp. 811–818.

Ryzhova I. M., Telesnina V. M., Sitnikova A. A., Dinamika svojstv pochv i struktury zapasov ugleroda v postagrogennyh jekosistemah v processe estestvennogo lesovosstanovlenija (Dynamics of soil properties and structure of carbon stocks in postagrogenic ecosystems in the process of natural reforestation), Pochvovedenie, 2020, No 2, pp. 230–243.

Shchepashchenko D. G., Muhortova L. V., Shvidenko A. Z., Vedrova Je. F., Zapasy organicheskogo ugleroda v pochvah Rossii (Reserves of organic carbon in the soils of Russia), Pochvovedenie, 2013, No 2, pp. 123–123.

Telesnina V. M., Kurganova I. N., Ovsepjan L. A., Lichko V. I., Ermolaev A. M., Mirin D. M., Dinamika svojstv pochv i sostava rastitel’nosti v hode postagrogennogo razvitija v raznyh bioklimaticheskih zonah (Dynamics of soil properties and vegetation composition during postagrogenic development in different bioclimatic zones), Pochvovedenie, 2017, No 12, pp. 1514–1534.

Reviewer: Doctor of Biological Sciences E. I. G

D. V. Gichan^*, D. N. Tebenkova

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the RAS

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russia

^*E-mail: DmitriiGichan@yandex.ru

Received: 11.08.2023

Revised: 15.09.2023

Accepted: 18.09.2023

The article presents an overview of Russian and foreign papers considering quantitative assessment of woody plants growth on abandoned agricultural lands and possible ways to utilise them. Particular attention is paid to analysing the causes for the abandonment of those lands and the legislation problems that limit the provision of such areas for commercial forest growing in Russia. According to various estimates, the area of abandoned agricultural land in the world varies from 150 to 472 million hectares, with 33 to 100 million hectares being in Russia. At the same time, there is a trend towards an increase in such lands’ area. The rate at which the area of abandoned agricultural lands is increasing is about 1% year^-1 on average. It may vary over time and depend on the region. The main groups of factors contributing to the agricultural lands falling into disuse are social, economic, environmental, landscape and historical. The most promising is the involvement of such lands in climate-smart forestry activities, especially for agroforestry. This is due to the multiplier effect from on the one hand, obtaining forest goods, including bioenergy, and on the other hand services, including use in crop or livestock farming activities. Currently in Russia there is no legislative framework permitting commercial forest growing on agricultural lands, with the exception of planting shelterbelts and other protective structures, despite the active position of organizations and government structures involved, so its development proves to be a necessity.

Key words: agricultural land, woody plants growth, woody plants growth factors, climate-smart forestry

REFERENCES

А greener and fairer cap, 2022, available at: https://kurl.ru/kxXbn (December 01, 2022).

About The Challenge, 2017, available at: https://www.bonnchallenge.org/about (February 07, 2023).

Analysis of land abandonment and development of agricultural land markets in the Republic of North Macedonia — Conclusions and policy recommendations, FAO, 2023, available at: clck.ru/37GHd2 (December 01, 2022).

Aylott M. J., Casella E., Tubby I., Street N. R., Smith P., Taylor G., Yield and spatial supply of bioenergy poplar and willow short‐rotation coppice in the UK, New Phytologist, 2008, Vol. 178, No 2, pp. 358–370.

Barsukova G. N., Sheudzhen Z. R., Derevenec D. K., Sokrashhenie ploshhadi sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh ugodijj i pashni kak obshhemirovaja tendencija umen’shenija chasti resursnogo potenciala agrarnogo proizvodstva (Reduction of the area of agricultural land and arable land as a global trend of reducing part of the resource potential of agricultural production), International agricultural journal, 2021, Vol. 64, No 6, pp. 524–544.

Bartalev S. A., Primenenie metodov distancionnogo zondirovanija iz kosmosa dlja monitoringa bjudzheta ugleroda v nazemnykh ehkosistemakh Rossii (Application of remote sensing methods from space for monitoring the carbon budget in terrestrial ecosystems of Russia), Vserossijjskijj festival’ Nauka 0+, Moscow, 7 oktjabrja 2023.

Bartalev S. A., Vorushilov I. I., Egorov V. A., Zharko V. O., Lupjan E. A., Sajjgin I. A., Stycenko E. A., Stycenko F. V., Khvostikov S. A., Ocenka vklada drevesno-kustarnikovojj rastitel’nosti zabroshennykh s.-kh. zemel’ v bjudzhet ugleroda lesov Rossii (Assessment of the contribution of woody and shrubby vegetation of abandoned agricultural lands to the carbon budget of Russian forests), Nauchnye debaty “Lesnye klimaticheskie proekty v Rossii”, Nauchnyjj sovet RAN po lesu, 19 oktjabrja 2021, available at: https://rbf-ras.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/AD_20211019_Bartalev.pdf (September 01, 2022).

Baumann M., Kuemmerle T., Elbakidze M., Ozdogan M., Radeloff V. C., Keuler N. S., Hostert P., Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine, Land use policy, 2011, Vol. 28, No 3, pp. 552–562.

Belousova A. P., Bryzhko I. V., Analiz zarastanija sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh ugodijj na territorii Permskogo kraja po sputnikovym snimkam Landsat (Analysis of overgrowth of agricultural lands in the Perm Territory using Landsat satellite images), InterKarto. InterGIS. Geoinformacionnoe obespechenie ustojjchivogo razvitija territorijj: Mat. mezhd. Konf, 2021, Vol. 27, No 4, p. 150.

Berglund B. E., Kitagawa J., Lagerås P., Nakamura K., Sasaki N., Yasuda Y., Traditional farming landscapes for sustainable living in Scandinavia and Japan: Global revival through the Satoyama Initiative, Ambio, 2014, Vol. 43, pp. 559–578.

Beringer T. I. M., Lucht W., Schaphoff S., Bioenergy production potential of global biomass plantations under environmental and agricultural constraints, GCB Bioenergy, 2011, Vol. 3, No 4, pp. 299–312.

Brown S., Lugo A. E., Tropical secondary forests, Journal of tropical ecology, 1990, Vol. 6, No 1, pp. 1–32.

Campbell J. E., Lobell D. B., Genova R. C., Field C. B., The global potential of bioenergy on abandoned agriculture lands, Environmental science & technology, 2008, Vol. 42, No 15, pp. 5791–5794.

Cao S., Chen L., Yu X., Impact of China’s Grain for Green Project on the landscape of vulnerable arid and semi‐arid agricultural regions: A case study in northern Shaanxi Province, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, Vol. 46, No 3, pp. 536–543.

Castillo C. P., Kavalov B., Diogo V., Jacobs-Crisioni C., e Silva F. B., Lavalle C., Agricultural land abandonment in the EU within 2015–2030. Research Reports: JRC113718, Joint Research Centre, 2018, pp. 1–7.

Cramer V. A., Hobbs R. J., Old fields: dynamics and restoration of abandoned farmland. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2007, Vol. 101, p. 334

Doklad o sostojanii i ispol’zovanii zemel’ sel’skokhozjajjstvennogo naznachenija Rossijjskojj Federacii v 2019 godu (Report on the state and use of agricultural lands of the Russian Federation in 2019), 2021, available at: https://kurl.ru/sRcfs (April 01, 2023).

Downing T. E., Lüdeke M., Social geographies of vulnerability and adaptation [in:] Global Desertification: Do Humans Cause Deserts? J. F. Reynolds, D. M. Stafford Smith (Eds.), Berlin: Dahlem University Press, 2002, pp. 232–252.

Estel S., Kuemmerle T., Alcántara C., Levers C., Prishchepov A., Hostert P., Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series, Remote Sensing of Environment, 2015, Vol. 163, pp. 312–325.

Etter A., McAlpine C., Pullar D., Possingham H., Modeling the age of tropical moist forest fragments in heavily-cleared lowland landscapes of Colombia, Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, Vol. 208, No 1–3, pp. 249–260.

European Commission, The 3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge for 2030, 2021, available at:  https://kurl.ru/ofRGn (September 01, 2023).

Federalnyi zakon “O vnesenii izmenenii v Lesnoi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii i otdelnye zakonodatelnye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii v chasti sovershenstvovaniia pravovogo regulirovaniia otnoshenii, sviazannykh s obespecheniem sokhraneniia lesov na zemliakh lesnogo fonda i zemliakh inykh kategorii” (On amendments to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in terms of improving the legal regulation of relations related to ensuring the conservation of forests on forest fund lands and lands of other categories), 27.12.2018 N 538-FZ, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_314666 (September 01, 2023).

Federalnyi zakon “Ob oborote zemel selskokhozyaystvennogo naznacheniya” (On the turnover of agricultural land) 24.07.2002 N 101-FZ, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37816/ (September 01, 2023).

Flinn K. M., Vellend M., Marks P. L., Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA, Journal of Biogeography, 2005, Vol. 32, No 3, pp. 439–452.

Foote R. L., Grogan P., Soil carbon accumulation during temperate forest succession on abandoned low productivity agricultural lands, Ecosystems, 2010, Vol. 13, pp. 795–812.

Framstad E., de Wit H., Mäkipää R., Larjavaara M., Vesterdal L., Karltun E., Biodiversity, carbon storage and dynamics of old northern forest, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2013, p. 130.

Goga T., Feranec J., Bucha T., Rusnák M., Sačkov I., Barka I., Vladovič J., A review of the application of remote sensing data for abandoned agricultural land identification with focus on Central and Eastern Europe, Remote sensing, 2019, Vol. 11, No 23, pp. 2759.

Good news for Africa’s Great Green Wall, 2021, available at: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/good-news-africas-great-green-wall (September 01, 2023).

Greenpeace¹ i WWF² prizyvayut pridat’ lesam na zabroshennyh sel’hozzemlyah yasnyj pravovoj status (Greenpeace¹ and WWF² call for clear legal status for forests on abandoned farmland), 2018, available at: clck.ru/37GJAb (February 07, 2022).

Gvein M. H., Hu X., Næss J. S., Watanabe M. D., Cavalett O., Malbranque M., Cherubini F., Potential of land-based climate change mitigation strategies on abandoned cropland, Communications Earth & Environment, 2023, Vol. 4, No 1, Article 39.

Haddaway N. R., Styles D., Pullin A. S., Environmental impacts of farm land abandonment in high altitude/mountain regions: a systematic map of the evidence, Environmental Evidence, 2013, Vol. 2, pp. 1–7.

Härtl F. H., Höllerl S., Knoke T., A new way of carbon accounting emphasises the crucial role of sustainable timber use for successful carbon mitigation strategies, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2017, Vol. 22, pp. 1163–1192.

Heider K., Rodriguez Lopez J. M., Balbo A. L., Scheffran J., The state of agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean: Smallholder agriculture and land abandonment in terraced landscapes of the Ricote Valley, southeast Spain, Regional Environmental Change, 2021, Vol. 21, pp. 1–12.

Helmer E. H., Brown S., Cohen W. B., Mapping montane tropical forest successional stage and land use with multi-date Landsat imagery, International journal of remote sensing, 2000, Vol. 21, No 11, pp. 2163–2183.

Holtsmark B., Harvesting in boreal forests and the biofuel carbon debt, Climatic change, 2012, Vol. 112, pp. 415–428.

Iurgens I. Iu., Turbina K. E. Klimaticheskii sammit v Glazgo: obnovlenie miroustroistva i zadachi Rossii (The Climate Summit in Glasgow: updating the world order and Russia’s tasks), Vlast, 2022, Vol. 30, No 2, pp. 9–30.

Janus J., Bozek P., Land abandonment in Poland after the collapse of socialism: Over a quarter of a century of increasing tree cover on agricultural land, Ecological Engineering, 2019, Vol. 138, pp. 106–117.

Kammesheidt L., Perspectives on secondary forest management in tropical humid lowland America, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 2002, Vol. 31, No 3, pp. 243–250.

Karta neispol’zuemykh sel’khoz zemel’ (Map of unused agricultural lands), 2018, available at: https://kurl.ru/bwzKW (September 01, 2023).

Kauppi P., Hanewinkel M., Lundmark T., Nabuurs G. J., Peltola H., Trasobares A., Hetemäki L., Climate smart forestry in Europe. European Forest Institute, 2018, p. 20.

Keenleyside C., Tucker G., McConville A., Farmland Abandonment in the EU: an Assessment of Trends and Prospects, London: Institute for European Environmental Policy, 2010, р. 98.

Kellezi M., Stafasani M., Kortoci Y., Evaluation of biomass supply chain from Robinia pseudoacacia L. SRF plantations on abandoned lands, Journal of Life Sciences, 2012, Vol. 6, No 2, pp. 243–250.

Kolecka N., Kozak J., Kaim D., Dobosz M., Ostafin K., Ostapowicz K., Price B., Understanding farmland abandonment in the Polish Carpathians, Applied Geography, 2017, Vol. 88, pp. 62–72.

Krivoshein A. N., Proizvodstvo biotopliva v Evropejjskom Sojuze: politika, sertifikacija, kriterii ustojjchivosti (Biofuel production in the European Union: policy, certification, sustainability criteria), pod red. N. M. Shmatkova, WWF² Rossii i A. I. Voropaeva, Associacija ehkologicheski otvetstvennykh lesopromyshlennikov Rossii, 2016, p. 39.

Kuemmerle T., Hostert P., Radeloff V. C., Van der Linden S., Perzanowski K., Kruhlov I., Cross-border comparison of post-socialist farmland abandonment in the Carpathians, Ecosystems, 2008, Vol. 11, No 2, pp. 614–628.

Kurganova I. N., Lopes de gerenju V. O., Mostovaja A. S., Ovsepjan L. A., Telesnina V. M., Lichko V. I., Baeva Ju. I., Vlijanie processov estestvennogo lesovosstanovlenija na mikrobiologicheskuju aktivnost’ postagrogennykh pochv Evropejjskojj chasti Rossii (The influence of natural reforestation processes on the microbiological activity of postagrogenic soils of the European part of Russia), Lesovedenie, 2018, No 1, pp. 3–23.

Kurganova I., De Gerenyu V. L., Kuzyakov Y., Large-scale carbon sequestration in post-agrogenic ecosystems in Russia and Kazakhstan, Catena, 2015, Vol. 133, pp. 461–466.

Kurganova I., Lopes de Gerenyu V., Six J., Kuzyakov Y., Carbon cost of collective farming collapse in Russia, Global Change Biology, 2014, Vol. 20, No 3, pp. 938–947.

Kuznecova A. I., Vlijanie rastitel’nosti na zapasy pochvennogo ugleroda v lesakh (obzor) (The effect of vegetation on soil carbon stocks in forests (review)), Voprosy lesnojj nauki, 2021, Vol. 4, No 4, pp. 41–95.

Lana-Renault N., Nadal-Romero E., Cammeraat E., Llorente J. Á., Critical environmental issues confirm the relevance of abandoned agricultural land, Water, 2020, Vol. 12, No 4, Article: 1119.

Land Abandonment in Lithuania, Giedre Leimontaite, National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture Grain, Budapest, 2011, available at: https://kurl.ru/PqEYN (September 01, 2023).

Langeveld H., Quist-Wessel F., Dimitriou I., Aronsson P., Baum C., Schulz U., Berndes G., Assessing environmental impacts of short rotation coppice (SRC) expansion: model definition and preliminary results, Bioenergy Research, 2012, Vol. 5, pp. 621–635.

Lasanta T., Arnáez J., Pascual N., Ruiz-Flaño P., Errea M. P., Lana-Renault N. Space–time process and drivers of land abandonment in Europe, Catena, 2017, Vol. 149, pp. 810–823.

Leakey R., Definition of agroforestry revisited, Agroforestry today, 1996, Vol. 8, pp. 5–7.

Les na sel’khozzemljakh: zaprety i itogi goda (Forest on agricultural lands: prohibitions and results of the year), 20.12.2022, available at: clck.ru/37GHMW (September 01, 2023).

Lesa, raspolozhennye na zemljakh sel’skokhozjajjstvennogo naznachenija: pozicija Nauchnogo soveta RAN po lesu (Forests located on agricultural lands: the position of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on forests), 12.09.2022, available at: http://rbf-ras.ru/news-2022-09-12/ (September 01, 2023).

Leskinen P., Lindner M., Verkerk P. J., Nabuurs G. J., Van Brusselen J., Kulikova E., Hassegawa M. Lerink B., Lesa Rossii i izmenenie klimata. Chto nam mozhet skazat’ nauka 11 (Forests of Russia and climate change. What can science tell us 11), Evropejjskijj institut lesa, 2020, available at: https://doi.org/10.36333/wsctu11 (September 01, 2023).

Lesoklimaticheskie proekty (Forest-climatic projects), 2021, available at: clck.ru/37GHJ9 (September 01, 2023). 

Lewis S. L., Wheeler C. E., Mitchard E. T., Koch A. Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon, Nature, 2019, Vol. 568, No 7750, pp. 25–28.

Liepins K., Lazdins A., Lazdina D., Daugaviete M., Miezite O., Naturally afforested agricultural lands in Latvia–assessment of available timber resources and potential productivity, Environmental engineering. Proceedings of the 7th international conference, 2008, pp. 194–199.

Liu J., Zhang Z., Xu X., Kuang W., Zhou W., Zhang S., Jiang N., Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century, Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, Vol. 20, pp. 483–494.

Ljuri D. I., Gorjachkin S. V., Karavaeva N. A., Denisenko E. A., Nefedova T. G., Dinamika sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh zemel’ Rossii v XX veke i postagrogennoe vosstanovlenie rastitel’nosti i pochv (Dynamics of agricultural lands in Russia in the XX century and post-agrogenic restoration of vegetation and soils), Moscow: GEOS, 2010, 416 p.

Lugo A. E., Helmer E., Emerging forests on abandoned land: Puerto Rico’s new forests, Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, Vol. 190, No 2, pp. 145–161.

Lutter R., Stal G., Arnesson Ceder L., Lim H., Padari A., Tullus H., Lundmark T., Climate benefit of different tree species on former agricultural land in northern Europe, Forests, 2021, Vol. 12, No 12, Article: 1810.

Maslov A., Gul’be A., Gul’be Ja., Medvedeva M., Sirin A., Ocenka situacii s zarastaniem sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh zemel’ lesnojj rastitel’nost’ju na primere Uglichskogo rajjona Jaroslavskojj oblasti (Assessment of the situation with overgrowth of agricultural lands by forest vegetation on the example of the Uglich district of the Yaroslavl region), Ustojjchivoe lesopol’zovanie, 2016, No 4, pp. 6–14.

Medvedev A. A., Tel’nova N. O., Kudikov A. V., Distancionnyĭ vysokodetal’nyĭ monitoring dinamiki zarastanija zabroshennykh sel’skokhozjaĭstvennykh zemel’ lesnoĭ rastitel’nost’ju (Remote high-detail monitoring of the dynamics of overgrowth of abandoned agricultural lands with forest vegetation), Voprosy lesnojj nauki, 2019, Vol. 2, No 3, pp. 1–12.

Melekhov V. I., Antonov A. M., Lokhov D. V., Lesovodstvennyjj potencial neispol’zuemykh sel’khozjajjstvennykh ugodijj (Forestry potential of unused agricultural land), Arctic Environmental Research, 2011, No 3, pp. 62–66.

Mottet A., Transformations des systèmes d’élevage depuis 1950 et conséquences pour la dynamique des paysages dans les Pyrénées. Contribution à l’étude du phénomène d’abandon de terres agricoles en montagne à partir de l’exemple de quatre communes des Hautes-Pyrénées, Diss, 2005, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342009670 (September 01, 2023).

Nabuurs G. J., Verkerk P. J., Schelhaas M., González-Olabarria J. R., Trasobares A., Cienciala E., Climate-Smart Forestry: mitigation implact in three European regions, European Forest Institute, 2018, Vol. 6, p. 32.

Nair P. R., Nair V. D., Kumar B. M., Haile S. G., Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: a feasibility appraisal, Environmental Science & Policy, 2009, Vol. 12, No 8, pp. 1099–1111.

Novaja lesnaja strategija ES na 2030 god (The new EU Forest Strategy for 2030), 16.07.2021, available at: https://kurl.ru/UJTOm (September 01, 2023).

Novara A., Gristina L., Sala G., Galati A., Crescimanno M., Cerdà A., La Mantia T., Agricultural land abandonment in Mediterranean environment provides ecosystem services via soil carbon sequestration, Science of the Total Environment, 2017, Vol. 576, pp. 420–429.

Olsson R., Ispol’zovat’ ili okhranjat’? Boreal’nye lesa i izmenenie klimata (To use or to protect? Boreal forests and climate change.), Ustojjchivoe lesopol’zovanie, 2013, No 2, pp. 36–45.

Pagiola S., Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica, Ecological economics, 2008, Vol. 65, No 4, pp. 712–724.

Parizhskoe soglashenie (The Paris Agreement), 2015, available at: clck.ru/Tvr74 (September 01, 2023).

Pedroli B., Elbersen B., Frederiksen P., Grandin U., Heikkilä R., Krogh P. H., Spijker J., Is energy cropping in Europe compatible with biodiversity? — Opportunities and threats to biodiversity from land-based production of biomass for bioenergy purposes, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013, Vol. 55, pp. 73–86.

Pei H., Liu M., Jia Y., Zhang H., Li Y., Xiao Y., The trend of vegetation greening and its drivers in the Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China, 2000–2020, Ecological Indicators, 2021, Vol. 129, Article: 108004.

Peña-Angulo D., Khorchani M., Errea P., Lasanta T., Martínez-Arnáiz M., Nadal-Romero E., Factors explaining the diversity of land cover in abandoned fields in a Mediterranean mountain area, Catena, 2019, Vol. 181, p. 104064.

Perepechina Ju. I., Glushenkov O. I., Korsikov R. S., Uchet i ocenka lesov, voznikshikh na sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh zemljakh, s ispol’zovaniem dannykh distancionnogo zondirovanija zemli (Accounting and assessment of forests that have arisen on agricultural lands using remote sensing data), Lesnojj zhurnal, 2016, No 4, pp. 71–80.

Plieninger T., Gaertner M., Hui C., Huntsinger L., Does land abandonment decrease species richness and abundance of plants and animals in Mediterranean pastures, arable lands and permanent croplands? Environmental Evidence, 2013, Vol. 2, P. 1–7.

Pointereau P., Coulon F., Girard P., Lambotte M., Stuczynski T., Sanchez O. V., Del Rio A., Anguiano E., Bamps C., Terres J., Analysis of farmland abandonment and the extent and location of agricultural areas that are actually abandoned or are in risk to be abandoned. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 2008, p. 204.

Post W. M., Kwon K. C., Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential, Global change biology, 2000, Vol. 6, No 3, pp. 317–327.

Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva RF 08.06.2022 N 1043 “O vnesenii izmenenijj v Polozhenie ob osobennostjakh ispol’zovanija, okhrany, zashhity, vosproizvodstva lesov, raspolozhennykh na zemljakh sel’skokhozjajjstvennogo naznachenija” (On amendments to the Regulation on the specifics of the Use, Protection, Defence, Reproduction of forests located on agricultural Lands), available at: clck.ru/37GHYF (September 01, 2023).

Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva RF 18.09.2020 N 1482 “O priznakakh neispol’zovanija zemel’nykh uchastkov iz zemel’ sel’skokhozjajjstvennogo naznachenija po celevomu naznacheniju ili ispol’zovanija s narusheniem zakonodatel’stva Rossijjskojj Federacii” (About signs of non-use of land plots from agricultural lands for their intended purpose or use in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation), available at: http://government.ru/docs/all/129924/ (September 01, 2023).

Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva RF 21.09.2020 N 1509 (red. 08.06.2022) “Ob osobennostjakh ispol’zovanija, okhrany, zashhity, vosproizvodstva lesov, raspolozhennykh na zemljakh sel’skokhozjajjstvennogo naznachenija” (About the peculiarities of the use, protection, defence, reproduction of forests located on agricultural lands), available at: clck.ru/37GHVa (01.07.2023).

Pravitel’stvo zapretilo rossijanam vyrashhivat’ lesa na sel’khozzemljakh (The government has banned Russians from growing forests on agricultural land), 2022, available at: clck.ru/37GHa3 (September 01, 2023).

Prishchepov A. V., Ponkina E. V., Sun Zh., Bavorova M., Ekimovskaia O. A., Issledovanie povedencheskikh faktorov selkhozproizvoditelei po vovlecheniiu v oborot zabroshennykh selskokhoziaistvennykh zemel: Primer Respubliki Buriatiia (The study of behavioral factors of agricultural producers on the involvement of abandoned agricultural lands in the turnover: The example of the Republic of Buryatia), Prostranstvennaia ekonomika, 2021, Vol. 17, No 3, pp. 59–102.

Prishchepov A. V., Radeloff V. C., Baumann M., Kuemmerle T., Müller D., Effects of institutional changes on land use: agricultural land abandonment during the transition from state-command to market-driven economies in post-Soviet Eastern Europe, Environmental Research Letters, 2012, Vol. 7, No 2, p. 024021.

Prishchepov A. V., Schierhorn F., Löw F., Unraveling the diversity of trajectories and drivers of global agricultural land abandonment, Land, 2021, Vol. 10, No 2, pp. 97.

Prishhepov A. V., Mjuller D., Dubinin M. Ju., Baumann. M., Radeloff V. K., Determinanty prostranstvennogo raspredelenija zabroshennykh sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh zemel’ v evropejjskojj chasti Rossii (Determinants of spatial distribution of abandoned agricultural lands in the European part of Russia), Prostranstvennaja ehkonomika, 2013, No 3, pp. 30–62.

Profft I., Mund M., Weber G. E., Weller E., Schulze E. D., Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products, European journal of forest research, 2009, Vol. 128, pp. 399–413.

Pueyo Y., Beguería S., Modelling the rate of secondary succession after farmland abandonment in a Mediterranean mountain area, Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 245–254.

Qiu S., Peng J., Distinguishing ecological outcomes of pathways in the Grain for Green Program in the subtropical areas of China, Environmental Research Letters, 2022, Vol. 17, No 2, Article: 024021.

Ramankutty N., Foley J. A., Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992, Global biogeochemical cycles, 1999, Vol. 13, No 4, pp. 997–1027.

Rezoliutsiia po itogam nauchnykh debatov “Lesnye klimaticheskie proekty v Rossii” (Forest climate projects in Russia), Moscow, 2021, available at:  http://rbf-ras.ru/academic-dispute/2021-10-19, (September 01, 2023).

Rodin A. R., Rodin S. A., Sozdanie lesnykh energeticheskikh plantatsii (Creation of forest energy plantations), Lesnoi vestnik, 2008, No 1, pp. 178–182.

Rodina M. E., Chastnaia sobstvennost na les na zemliakh selskokhoziaistvennogo naznacheniia v rossiiskoi federatsii-tendentsii razvitiia grazhdanskogo, zemelnogo i lesnogo zakonodatelstva (Private ownership of forests on agricultural lands in the Russian Federation — trends in the development of civil, land and forest legislation), Severo-Kavkazskii iuridicheskii vestnik, 2020, No 3, pp. 90–102.

Rodkin O. I., Shabanov A. A., Rodkin A. O., Otsenka effektivnosti vozdelyvaniia energeticheskikh kultur kak istochnikov biotopliva (Assessment of the efficiency of cultivation of energy crops as sources of biofuels), Nauchnyi zhurnal NIU ITMO. Seriia “Ekonomika i ekologicheskii menedzhment”, 2016, No 4, pp. 102–110.

Rodkin O., Timoti V., Bioenergeticheskie plantatsii ivy: opyt SShA dlia Belarusi (Bioenergy willow plantations: the US experience for Belarus), Nauka i innovatsii, 2017, Vol. 11, No 177, pp. 64–68.

Roslesinforg: ploshchad zarosshikh lesom selkhozugodii mozhet v piat raz prevyshat statistiku (Roslesinforg: the area of forested farmland can be five times higher than the statistics), 2022, available at: https://roslesinforg.ru/news/in-the-media/6770, (September 01, 2023).

Rozendaal D. M., Bongers F., Aide T. M., Alvarez-Dávila E., Ascarrunz N., Balvanera P., Poorter L., Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests, Science advances, 2019, Vol. 5, No 3, Article: eaau3114.

Rudel T. K., Schneider L., Uriarte M., Turner B. L., DeFries R., Lawrence D., Grau R., Agricultural intensification and changes in cultivated areas, 1970–2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, Vol. 106, No 49, pp. 20675–20680.

Rytter L., Ingerslev M., Kilpeläinen A., Torssonen P., Lazdina D., Löf M., Madsen P., Muiste P., Stener L.-G., Increased forest biomass production in the Nordic and Baltic countries, A review on current and future opportunities, Silva Fennica, 2009, Vol. 50, No 5, Article: 1660.

Sanchez P. A., Science in agroforestry, Agroforestry systems, 1995, Vol. 30, pp. 5–55.

Seidl R., Thom D., Kautz M., Martin-Benito D., Peltoniemi M., Vacchiano G., Reyer C. P., Forest disturbances under climate change, Nature climate change, 2017, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 395–402.

Styles D., Jones M. B., Current and future financial competitiveness of electricity and heat from energy crops: A case study from Ireland, Energy Policy, 2007, Vol. 35, No 8, pp. 4355–4367.

Styles D., Thorne F., Jones M. B., Energy crops in Ireland: an economic comparison of willow and Miscanthus production with conventional farming systems, Biomass and bioenergy, 2008, Vol. 32, No 5, pp. 407–421.

Su G., Okahashi H., Chen L., Spatial pattern of farmland abandonment in Japan: Identification and determinants, Sustainability, 2018, Vol. 10, No 10, Article: 3676.

Subedi Y. R., Kristiansen P., Cacho O., Ojha R. B., Agricultural land abandonment in the hill agro-ecological region of Nepal: Analysis of extent, drivers and impact of change, Environmental Management, 2021, Vol. 67, pp. 1100–1118.

Tebenkova D. N., Gichan D. V., Gagarin Iu. N., Vliianie lesovodstvennykh meropriiatii na pochvennyi uglerod: obzor (The impact of forestry activities on soil carbon: an overview), Voprosy lesnoi nauki, 2022, Vol. 5, No 4, pp. 21–58.

Telesnina V. M., Kurganova I. N., Lopes de gereniu V. O., Ovsepian L. A., Lichko V. I., Ermolaev A. M., Mirin D. M., Dinamika svoistv pochv i sostava rastitelnosti v khode postagrogennogo razvitiia v raznykh bioklimaticheskikh zonakh (Dynamics of soil properties and vegetation composition during postagrogenic development in different bioclimatic zones), Pochvovedenie, 2017, No 12, pp. 1514–1534.

Terres J. M., Nisini L., Anguiano E., Assessing the risk of farmland abandonment in the EU. Final report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013, p. 134.

The greenhouse gas protocol. The land use, land-use change, and forestry guidance for GHG project accounting, Word Resource Institute. Washington, 2006, pp. 97, available at: ttps://ghgprotocol.org/standards/project-protocol (September 01, 2023).

Thibault M., Thiffault E., Bergeron Y., Ouimet R., Tremblay S., Afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands for carbon sequestration: how does it compare with natural succession?, Plant and Soil, 2022, Vol. 475, No 1–2, pp. 605–621.

Tomaz C., Alegria C., Monteiro J. M., Teixeira M. C., Land cover change and afforestation of marginal and abandoned agricultural land: A 10 year analysis in a Mediterranean region, Forest Ecology and Management, 2013, Vol. 308, pp. 40–49.

Tremblay S., Ouimet R., White spruce plantations on abandoned agricultural land: are they more effective as C sinks than natural succession?, Forests, 2013, Vol. 4, No 4, pp. 1141–1157.

Uri V., Vares A., Tullus H., Kanal A., Above-ground biomass production and nutrient accumulation in young stands of silver birch on abandoned agricultural land, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2007, Vol. 31, No 4, pp. 195–204.

Uzun V., “Belye piatna” i neispolzuemye selkhozugodia: chto pokazala selskokhoziaistvennaia perepis 2016 g (“White spots” and unused farmland: what the 2016 agricultural census showed), Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii, 2017, Vol. 24, No 12, pp. 36–43.

Vladimir Putin poruchil pravitel’stvu ispol’zovat’ zabroshennye sel’khozzemli dlja lesoklimaticheskikh proektov (Vladimir Putin instructed the government to use abandoned agricultural lands for forest-climatic projects), 2022, available at: https://kurl.ru/kkyzV (February 01, 2023).

Vladychenskijj A. S., Telesnina V. M., Rumjanceva K. A., Chalaja T. A., Organicheskoe veshhestvo i biologicheskaja aktivnost’ postagrogennykh pochv juzhnojj tajjgi (na primere Kostromskojj oblasti) (Organic matter and biological activity of postagrogenic soils of the southern taiga (on the example of the Kostroma region)), Pochvovedenie, 2013, No 5, pp. 570–570.

Waisanen P. J., Bliss N. B., Changes in population and agricultural land in conterminous United States counties, 1790 to 1997, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2002, Vol. 16, No 4, pp. 1–19.

Walle I. V., Van Camp N., Van de Casteele L., Verheyen K., Lemeur R., Short-rotation forestry of birch, maple, poplar and willow in Flanders (Belgium) I–Biomass production after 4 years of tree growth, Biomass and bioenergy, 2007, Vol. 31, No 5, pp. 267–275.

Wang C., Gao Q., Wang X., Yu M., Decadal trend in agricultural abandonment and woodland expansion in an agro-pastoral transition band in Northern China, Plos One, 2015, Vol. 10, No 11, p. e0142113.

Weissteiner C. J., Boschetti M., Böttcher K., Carrara P., Bordogna G., Brivio P. A., Spatial explicit assessment of rural land abandonment in the Mediterranean area, Global and Planetary Change, 2011, Vol. 79, No 1–2, pp. 20–36.

Wuyun D., Sun L., Chen Z., Hou A., Crusiol L. G. T., Yu L., Sun Z., The spatiotemporal change of cropland and its impact on vegetation dynamics in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China, Science of the Total Environment, 2022, Vol. 805, Article: 150286.

Yu Z., Lu C., Tian H., Canadell J. G., Largely underestimated carbon emission from land use and land cover change in the conterminous United States, Global change biology, 2019, Vol. 25, No 11., pp. 3741–3752.

Zemel’nyjj kodeks Rossijjskojj Federacii 25.10.2001 N 136-FZ (red. 06.02.2023), 2023, available at:  https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_33773/ (May 01, 2023).

Zeng N., Hausmann H., Wood Vault: remove atmospheric CO₂ with trees, store wood for carbon sequestration for now and as biomass, bioenergy and carbon reserve for the future, Carbon Balance and Management, 2011, Vol. 17, No 1, p. 2.

Zhao L., Jia K., Liu X., Li J., Xia M., Assessment of land degradation in Inner Mongolia between 2000 and 2020 based on remote sensing data, Geography and Sustainability, 2023, Vol. 4, No 2, pp. 100–111.

Zheljazkov A. L., Latysheva A. I., Seturidze D. Eh., Vlijanie stoimosti sel’skokhozjajjstvennykh ugodijj na ehffektivnoe vovlechenie v oborot nevostrebovanykh zemel’ (The impact of the value of agricultural land on the effective involvement of unclaimed land in circulation), Agrarnyjj vestnik Urala, 2017, No 10 (164), pp. 69–76.

Zhu X., Xiao G., Zhang D., Guo L., Mapping abandoned farmland in China using time series MODIS NDVI, Science of The Total Environment, 2021, Vol. 755, No 1, Article: 142651.

Zomer R. J., Neufeldt H., Xu J., Ahrends A., Bossio D., Trabucco A., Wang M., Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets, Scientific reports, 2016, Vol. 6, No 1, Article: 29987.

Zumkehr A., Campbell J. E., Historical US cropland areas and the potential for bioenergy production on abandoned croplands, Environmental science & technology, 2013, Vol. 47, No 8, pp. 3840–3847.

]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/6-3-2023-podolskaia/ Wed, 17 Jan 2024 06:29:48 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=6166

 E. S. Podolskaia

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation

E-mail: podols_kate@mail.ru

Received: 05.06.2023

Revised: 22.06.2023

Accepted: 23.06.2023

Paper describes machine learning (ML) methods and tools for transport modeling to access forest fires and forest resources by ground means for the regions in Russia. Forestry transport accessibility is a subject to be studied and improved. ML methods play an important role in change detection and automated data collection for the transport infrastructure. We have analyzed recent scientific publications of two systems, namely Russian electronic library “CyberLeninka” and European network for researchers ResearchGate. It should be noted that as of autumn 2023 the number of papers on the ML forestry transport modeling in these systems is small. Plugins from Open Source QGIS’s repository were studied. Some possible increase in the number of ML plugins from researchers and students could be expected, individual developers and small groups show their interest in the topic. ML prospects for ground transport modeling in the forestry have not yet been sufficiently studied.

Key words: machine learning, Open Source, GIS, forestry, transport modeling

REFERENCES

Behrooz H., Hayeri Y. M., Machine learning applications in surface transportation systems: a literature review, Applied Sciences, 2022, Vol. 12, Article ID: 9156.

Jaafari A., Pazhouhan I., Bettinger P., Machine learning modeling of forest road construction costs, Forests, 2021, Vol. 12, Article ID: 1169.

Kolesnikov A. A., Kikin P. M., Komissarova E. V., Kasyanova E. L., Use of machine learning technologies in decision of geoinformational tasks, Proceedings of the International conference “InterCarto. InterGIS”, 2018, Vol. 24 (2), pp. 371–384.

Mihajlov E. V., Saj S. V., Vydelenie lesa na kosmicheskih snimkah s pomoshh’ju metodov mashinnogo obuchenija (Forest identification on the satellite imagery using machine learning methods), Doklady TUSURa, 2017, Vol. 20, No 1, pp. 89–92, DOI: 10.21293/1818-0442-2017-20-1-89-92

Mihov O. M., Shatalova N. V., Borodina O. V., Vasil’ev Ju. I., Primenenie tehnologij mashinnogo obuchenija dlja Drone Network v logistike i portovoj dejatel’nosti Rossii (Application of machine learning technologies for Drone Network in logistics and port activities in Russia), Morskie intellektual’nye tehnologii, 2021, No 4, Vol. 1, pp. 149–157.

Narykova A. N., Plotnikova A. S., Podgotovka prediktorov dlja modelirovanija klimatoregulirujushhih jekosistemnyh uslug lesov na regional’nom urovne s pomoshh’ju Google Earth Engine (Preparation of predictors for modeling climate-regulating forest ecosystems services at regional level using Google Earth Engine), Nauchnye osnovy ustojchivogo upravlenija lesami: Materialy Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvjashhennoj 30-letiju CEPF RAS. M.: CEPF RAS, 2022, pp. 182–184.

Plotnikova A. S., Savin M. S., Lukina N. V., Teben’kova D. N., Kolycheva A. A., Chumachenko S. I., Shanin V. N., Kartografirovanie klimatoregulirujushhih jekosistemnyh uslug lesov na lokal’nom urovne (Mapping of forest climate-regulating ecosystem services at local level), Nauchnye osnovy ustojchivogo upravlenija lesami: Materialy Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvjashhennoj 30-letiju CEPF RAS. M.: CEPF RAS, 2022, pp. 190–192.

Podolskaia E. S., Obzor opyta reshenija zadach transportnogo modelirovanija v lesnom hozjajstve (Review of experience in solving transport modeling problems in the forestry), Voprosy lesnoj nauki, 2021, Vol. 4, No 4, pp. 1–32, DOI: 10.31509/2658-607x-2021-44-92.

Podolskaia E. S., Ispol’zovanie dannyh distancionnogo zondirovanija Zemli iz kosmosa dlja raspoznavanija izobrazhenija dorog v lesnom hozjajstve (Using Earth remote sensing data from space for road image recognition in the forestry), Voprosy lesnoj nauki, 2022, Vol. 5, No 4, pp. 1–21, DOI 10.31509/2658-607x-202252-115

Podolskaia E. S., Ershov D. V., Kovganko K. A., Infrastrukturnoe zonirovanie territorii dlja opredelenija svjazej s lesnymi pozharami (na primere Krasnojarskogo kraja, Rossija), (Infrastructure zoning of the territory for determination of links with forest fires (on the example of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia), Forests of Russia: politics, industry, science, education: Materials of the VIII All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference, May 24–26, 2023, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University named after S. M. Kirov, 2023, pp. 330–333.

Shyhaliev R. G., Issledovanie sovremennogo sostojanija primenenija mashinnogo obuchenija v neftegazovoj otrasli (A study of current state of machine learning application in the oil and gas industry), İnformasiya texnologiyaları problemləri, 2020, No 2, pp. 52–60. DOI: 10.25045/jpit.v11.i2.05

Snytkina D. A., Primenenie metodov mashinnogo obuchenija pri ocenke i kartografirovanii prirodnyh resursov (Application of machine learning methods to assess and mapping of natural resources): Magisterskaja VKR (spec. 05.04.03), Sankt-Peterburg: SPbGU, 2020, 92 p.

CP-04-Artificial intelligence tools and platforms for GIS, 2023, URL: https://kurl.ru/TtgVM (2023, 10 August).

]]> https://jfsi.ru/en/6-3-2023-gagarin/ Tue, 16 Jan 2024 14:05:33 +0000 https://jfsi.ru/?p=6160

Yu. N. Gagarin

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation

E-mail: j.gagarin@list.ru

Received: 05.06.2023

Revised: 22.06.2023

Accepted: 23.06.2023

The article contains a summary of the first results of the forest management reform conducted in accordance with the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Forestry Code of the Russian Federation” and Articles 14 and 16 of the Federal Law “On General Principles of Implementation of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” dated 02 July 2021 No 304-FZ. The scope of application of said law covers changes in the procedure for forest management activities, the establishment of qualification requirements and the procedure for certifying forest management experts, as well as the planning of forest management with reference to the existing and planned development of forests and areas of such development. The article includes a review of recent activities and stages of the forest management reform, an assessment of the impact of the monopoly state of forest management on the quantities and prices of the forest taxation services market, as well as the quality of forest management activities. The article also includes discussion on the aspects of state planning in the field of forest use, conservation, protection and reproduction, taking into consideration the forest planning documentation being granted the status of a binding regulatory document. The article covers the materials of the parliamentary hearings titled “Forest Management: Current Problems and Trends”, held in the Federation Council on 25 April 2023. It includes considerations on potential improvement of legal regulation in the field of forest management.

Key words: forestry legislation, forest management reform, service market, monopoly, administrative regulation, forest management regulations of forestry, forest development project, forest use declaration

REFERENCES

Edinaya informacionnaya sistema v sfere zakupok (Unified information system in the field of procurement), URL: https://zakupki.gov.ru (2023, 10 June).

Federal’nyj zakon «O kadastrovoj deyatel’nosti» (Federal Law “On Cadastral Activities”) Jule 24, 2007 N 221-FZ, URL: https://clck.ru/34VtGG (2023, 16 June).

Federal’nyj zakon “O vnesenii izmenenij v Lesnoj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii” (Federal Law “On Amendments to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation”) i stat’i 14 i 16 Federal’nogo zakona “Ob obshchih principah organizacii mestnogo samoupravleniya v Rossijskoj Federacii” (Federal Law “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation”) Jule 02, 2021 N 304-FZ, URL: https://clck.ru/36ninq (2023, 10 June).

Federal’nyj zakon “O zashchite konkurencii” (Federal Law “On protection of competition”) Jule 26, 2006 N 135-FZ, URL: https:// https://clck.ru/32GW32 (2023, 16 June).

Forma N 6-OIP (polugodovaya) “Svedeniya ob ispol’zovanii lesnyh uchastkov, predostavlennyh v arendu, postoyannoe (bessrochnoe) i bezvozmezdnoe pol’zovanie” (“Information on the use of forest areas provided for lease, permanent (indefinite) and free use”) 01.01.2021, Prilozhenie 6 k prikazu Ministerstva prirodnyh resursov i ekologii RF, December 28, 2015 N 565, URL: https://clck.ru/36niPw (2023, 10 June).

Giryaev M. D., Teoreticheskie osnovy lesoustrojstva i sovremennoe lesnoe zakonodatel’stvo (Theoretical foundations of forest management and modern forest legislation), Lesohozyajstvennaya informaciya, 2017, No 2, pp. 5–15.

Isaev A. S., Korovin G. N., Lesnaya politika i zakonodatel’noe obespechenie (Forest policy and legislative support), Forestry bulletin, 2013, No 4, pp. 15–24.

Lesnoi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Forest code of the Russian Federation), No 22-FZ of July 24, 1997, URL: http://clck.ru/36ngyg (2023, 12 June).

Lesnoi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Forest code of the Russian Federation), No 200-FZ of December 4, 2006, URL: https://inlnk.ru/n001Pj (2023, 17 May).

Lesoustroitel’naya instrukciya (Forest management instructions), Prikaz Ministerstva prirodnyh resursov i ekologii Rossijskoj Federacii 2022, 05 August No 510. URL: clck.ru/36nhRB (2023, 10 June).

Moiseev N. A., Lesoustrojstvo: proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee (Forest management: past, present and future), Lesnoj zhurnal, 2017, No 3, pp. 9–21.

Petrov V. N., Sistema gosudarstvennogo i municipal’nogo upravleniya lesami Germanii (System of state and municipal forest management in Germany), LesPromInform, 2015, No 6, URL: clck.ru/36nhps (2023, 10 June).

Pisarenko A. I., Strahov V. V., Lesnoe hozyajstvo Rossii: ot ispol’zovaniya — k upravleniyu (Forestry in Russia: from use to management), Moscow: Yurisprudenciya, 2004, 320 p.

Plan provedeniya lesoustrojstva na 2023–2024 gody (Forest management plan for 2023–2024), Prikaz Federal’nogo agentstva lesnogo hozyajstva No 1024, December 13, 2022, URL: https://base.garant.ru/405951913/ (2023, 13 June).

Rasporyazhenie Pravitel’stva Rossijskoj Federacii ob utverzhdenii strategii razvitiya lesnogo kompleksa Rossijskoj Federacii do 2030 goda» (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the strategy of the forest complex development of the Russian Federation for period up to 2030»), 2021, 11 February No 312-r, URL: https://inlnk.ru/ LAAVNO (2023, 12 June).

Reshenie Komiteta Soveta Federacii po agrarno-prodovol’stvennoj politike i prirodopol’zovaniyu (Decision of the Federation Council Committee on Agricultural and Food Policy and Environmental Management) “Lesoustrojstvo: aktual’nye problemy i napravleniya razvitiya” No 9/33, April 25, 2023, URL: clck.ru/34dpW (2023, 13 June).

Rezolyuciya nauchnyh debatov “Lesoustrojstvo i gosudarstvennaya inventarizaciya lesov. Chto nam nuzhno znat’ o lesah Rossii?” (“Forest management and state forest inventory. What do we need to know about Russian forests?”), Moscow: Cifrovichok, 2019, pp. 15–25.

Rudzkij A. F., Rukovodstvo k ustrojstvu russkih lesov (Guide to the construction of Russian forests), Saint Petersburg, 1888, 574 р.

Stat’ya 9.1., Gosudarstvennye, municipal’nye uchrezhdeniya, Federal’nyj zakon, Jaunuary 12, 1996 N 7-FZ (red. June 31, 2023) “O nekommercheskih organizaciyah” (About non-profit organizations), URL: https://clck.ru/36ni5L (2023, 11 June).

Zhang D., Pearse P. H., Forest economics, UBC Press, 2011, 390 p. DOI: 10.31509/2658-607x-202362-129

]]>