ВОПРОСЫ ЛЕСНОЙ НАУКИ/FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES

THE STUDY OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE COMMUNITIES OF THE “CORE” AREA OF THE “KOLOGRIVSKY FOREST” NATURE RESERVE BEFORE THE WINDTHROW OF 2021

lena — Fri, 23 Oct 2026 07:17:58 +0000

N. V. Ivanova

Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Professor Vitkevich st. 1, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russian Federation

E-mail: natalya.dryomys@gmail.com

Received: 12.08.2026

Revised: 07.09.2026

Accepted: 15.09.2026

The study of biodiversity in old-growth forests is a current challenge in forest ecology. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the diversity of the vegetation cover in the old-growth southern taiga forests of the Kologrivsky Forest Nature Reserve (Kostroma Region). A total of 52 vegetation relevés of 100 m²were conducted in 2012 and 2013. All vascular plants and their abundance according to the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale were recorded in herb, shrub, and tree layers. Ward’s cluster analysis with Hellinger distance was performed for grouping of relevés. Then, for each group, we assessed alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Alpha diversity was assessed using the species richness index and randomisation tests. Beta diversity was assessed using the Jaccard distance. To analyse gamma diversity, we calculated Hill indices and plotted cumulative diversity curves. Species indicator values were calculated for each group. Functional diversity was assessed based on the diversity of ecological-coenotic groups (ECG).

Three groups of communities were classified as a result of the analysis: (1) semi-open linden (Tilia cordata) stands with undergrowth of maple (Acer platanoides) and linden and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) with a nemoral herb layer; (2) spruce-linden stands with undergrowth of maple, spruce (Picea abies), and linden with a nemoral-boreal herb layer; (3) semi-open spruce stands with linden with undergrowth of spruce and rowan with a boreal herb layer. These community groups did not differ in terms of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Differences between the groups were found in the functional diversity of the herbaceous layer and the composition and abundance of the tree layer and the understory. We compared our results with data from stand monitoring at permanent sample plots. Our study confirms the findings regarding the natural decline of old-growth spruce stands and the increase in the proportion of linden trees in the stands. Furthermore, our results contradict previous findings regarding an increase in the abundance of boreal species in the Kologriv Forest.

Keywords: old-growth forests, Kostroma region, biodiversity, Hill numbers, ecological-coenotic groups

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SPECIES AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF THE VALLEY FORESTS OF THE KARKARALY MOUNTAINS (CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN)

lena — Fri, 23 Oct 2026 07:07:16 +0000

N. V. Ivanova^1*, M. Yu. Ishmuratova², M. P. Shashkov²

¹Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Professor Vitkevich st. 1, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russian Federation

²Karaganda National Research University named after academician Ye. A. Buketov

Universitetskaya st. 28/3, 10002 Karaganda, Kazakhstan

*E-mail: natalya.dryomys@gmail.com

Received: 10.06.2026

Revised: 26.06.2026

Accepted: 17.08.2026

The forests of the Kazakh Uplands (Saryarka) are island pines (and secondary small-leaved stands) with boreal and other forest herb species considerably separated from their range geographically. The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the species and functional plant diversity of the valley forests of the Karkaraly Mountain Range. Two groups of communities were studied: (1) forests in the Kendara intermountain valley and (2) forests growing on the outer edge of the Karkaraly mountain range. A total of 33 vegetation relevés were conducted in the forests of Group 1 and 14 in the forests of Group 2. Alpha diversity was assessed using the species richness index and randomisation tests. To analyse gamma diversity, we calculated Hill indices and plotted cumulative diversity curves. Beta diversity was assessed using the Jaccard distance. Functional diversity was assessed based on the diversity of ecological-coenotic groups (ECG). Species indicator values were calculated for each group. The results of the study showed that the groups of communities are divided into two groups in the NMDS diagram. The species richness of the herbaceous layer in the forests of the Kendara Valley is significantly higher than in the forests growing outside the mountain range (24±5 and 21±5 species, respectively). The forests of the Kendara Valley were somewhat poorer in terms of species diversity (113 and 118 species, respectively); significant differences were observed in the effective species numbers for the Shannon and Simpson indices. The Jaccard distance between the analysed groups of relevés was 0.63. An assessment of functional diversity revealed that meadow-steppe, boreal, and nemoral species prevailed in the communities. In the Kendara Valley, boreal and nemoral species together represented 52% of the total; in the forests outside the mountain range, their proportion decreased as the proportion of nitrophilous, meadow-steppe, pine forest, and wetland ecological communities increased. For forests in the second group, a greater diversity of ecological-coenotic groups among significant indicator species has been observed. The results confirm that the forests in the Kendara Valley are in a better state of preservation. The potential impact of recent invasions of non-native earthworm species (Lumbricidae) and the box elder (Acer negundo) on the ecosystems of the Karkaraly forests is discussed.

Keywords: Hill numbers, ecological-coenotic groups, Kazakh Uplands, Karkaraly State National Natural Park, Acer negundo

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AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR AMAZON DEFORESTATION

lena — Fri, 23 Oct 2026 06:43:24 +0000

A. G. Viktorov

A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences

Leninsky Prospekt 33, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation

E-mail: aleviktorov@ya.ru

Received: 06.08.2026

Revised: 07.09.2026

Accepted: 15.09.2026

The rapid growth of the global population in the second half of the 20th century has necessitated an increase in the world’s food supply. Initially, this problem was successfully addressed through the advances in plant breeding during the Green Revolution. However, when this potential was exhausted at the end of the last century, the issue found both intensive and extensive solutions. The first involved the creation of genetically modified crops, and the second involved expanding the area of agroecosystems through tropical deforestation. In 2003, these two approaches converged in Brazil, where GM soybeans began to be planted in the place of deforested tropical forests. In accordance with the Jevons paradox, increased land use efficiency led to increased economic incentives for expanding biotech crop fields at the expense of tropical ecosystems.

Keywords: Brazil, Amazon, tropical deforestation, genetically modified soybeans, food security, global food demand

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No 2, 2025

lena — Thu, 08 Oct 2026 07:47:27 +0000

Thematic Issue

“The Role of Protected Areas in the Conservation and Restoration of Forest Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions”

This issue marks the anniversary of the Kologrivsky Les Nature Reserve and the 70th birth anniversary of its first director, M. G. Sinitsyn.

The articles cover topics ranging from biodiversity maintenance at the local level to the global challenges of forest ecosystem conservation.

Historical essay

A. A. Efimova

A FIFTY-YEAR JOURNEY: THE STORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KOLOGRIVSKY FOREST NATURE RESERVE

Personalities

V. B. Stepanitsky

SINITSYN NATURE RESERVE

Original research

A. V. Lebedev, I. G. Krinitsyn, D. Yu. Gosteva, V. V. Gostev

RARE AND PROTECTED VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES IN THE FLORA OF THE KOLOGRIVSKY FOREST NATURE RESERVE

M. V. Sirotina, L. V. Muradova, O. N. Sitnikova

THE COMMON BEAVER (CASTOR FIBER) IS A KEY SPECIES IN THE M. G. SINITSYN KOLOGRIVSKY FOREST STATE NATURE RESERVE

N. V. Ivanova

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE “CORE” AREA OF THE “KOLOGRIVSKY FOREST” NATURE RESERVE BEFORE THE WINDTHROW OF 2021

E. E. Muchnik, E. A. Aristarkhova, D. A. Cherepenina

DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS OF LICHEN BIOTA IN SPECIALLY PROTECTED GREEN AREAS OF MOSCOW

N. V. Ivanova, M. Yu. Ishmuratova, M. P. Shashkov

SPECIES AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF THE VALLEY FORESTS OF THE KARKARALY MOUNTAINS (CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN)

A. V. Khoroshev, Yu. N. Bochkarev, F. K. Kiryanov-Gref

FACTORS OF PHYTOPRODUCTION VARIABILITY IN TAIGA LANDSCAPES UNDER HYDROTHERMAL FLUCTUATIONS AND TRENDS

Review articles

A. G. Viktorov

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A DRIVING FORCE FOR AMAZON DEFORESTATION

THE UNIFIED SYSTEM OF FOREST INVENTORY WORKS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: FROM CONCEPT TO IMPLEMENTATION

lena — Mon, 17 Aug 2026 12:16:41 +0000

V. I. Arkhipov

Lesproekt LLC

Zastavskaya st., 33, Saint Petersburg 196006, Russian Federation

E-mail: lesproekt.spb@mail.ru

Received: 30.05.2026

Revised: 18.06.2026

Accepted: 24.06.2026

The commissioning of the Federal State Forest Information System (FGIS LK) has qualitatively changed the requirements for forest management planning information, while its production base has degraded: a thirty-five-year methodological gap in remote forest inventory, a reduction in the number of forest inventory engineers of state forest planning organizations from about 4000 specialists in 1980 to slightly more than 400 by 2026, a drop in the average annual volume of forest inventory from about 40 to less than 10 million ha against the estimated demand of 30-40 million ha per year, and a four- to five-fold deficit of interpreter workstations. Objective. Scientific and production substantiation of the design of the unified system of forest inventory works of the Russian Federation and confirmation of its production feasibility. Materials and methods. System and regulatory analysis; statistical analysis of departmental data; technical and economic modelling; a production experiment – implementation of the full technological cycle at three sites with independent acceptance of the results by FGIS LK. Results. A two-zone design is substantiated: the forest taxation zone (300-400 million ha, stereo remote sensing imagery with a resolution of at least 0.4 m/pixel) and the forest survey zone (quarter-level detail, imagery of at least 10 m/pixel). A three-stage inventory model with the preliminary status of the desk stages and online entry of the third-stage results into FGIS LK, the “5+1” and “4+1” organizational formulas of a single two-year cycle, and a twelve-stage production technology with built-in quality control are developed. The techno-economic assessment of the public-private partnership yields 6.25-8.9 billion RUB per year for 35-50 million ha, with a federal share of 3.6-4.8 billion RUB; the effect is at least a two-fold increase in labour productivity with an approximately two-fold reduction in unit cost. Conclusion. Given the technical solvability of personnel, infrastructure and methodological problems, the main constraint is the institutional risk – the probability that systemic proposals will not receive serious expert and public consideration.

Keywords: forest management planning, unified system of forest inventory works, forest inventory, Earth remote sensing, forest inventory zoning, analytical-measurement image interpretation, continuous forest management planning, Federal State Forest Information System, public-private partnership, data quality control

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LICHEN BIOTA OF THE PRIOKSKO-TERRASNY STATE NATURE RESERVE (MOSCOW REGION, RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

lena — Wed, 12 Aug 2026 06:51:37 +0000

E. P. Gudkova ¹, E. E. Muchnik ²

¹M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,

Leninskiye Gory, 1, Moscow 119234, Russian Federation

E-mail: katy.gudkova@yandex.ru

²Institute of Forest Science of the RAS,

Sovetskaya str., 21, v. Uspenskoye, Moscow region 143030, Russian Federation

E-mail: emuchnik@outlook.com

Received: 29.05.2026

Revised: 15.06.2026

Accepted: 21.06.2026

Relevance and Goal. The Prioksko-Terrasny State Nature Biosphere Reserve, with an area of 4945 ha, is in the Serpukhovsky District of the Moscow Region, in the southern part of the coniferous-broadleaved forest subzone. The lichen biota of the territory has been studied only partially until now. This work aims to update and expand the list of lichens and allied fungi in the State Reserve, as well as to conduct a brief analysis of the identified lichen biota. Material and methods. Available literary sources (beginning in 1906) were analyzed, and routing field excursions were conducted between 2023 and 2024. Materials were collected and studied using generally accepted lichenological techniques. A database is organized and maintained in MS Excel. Results and conclusion. An annotated checklist of the lichen biota of the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve has been compiled. It comprises 239 species (including 5 questionable ones) from 93 genera and 48 families of lichens and allied fungi. Of these, 90 species are new to the reserve, and 11 are new to the Moscow region, namely: Chaenothecopsis vainioana, Clypeococcum hypocenomycis, Lecanora campestris, L. compallens, L. expallens, Lecanoropsis sarcopidoides, Lecidella carpathica, Lichenoconium erodens, L. lecanorae, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Psilolechia clavulifera. Eleven lichen species protected in the Moscow Region have been previously observed in the nature reserve, and our research revealed new locations for four species listed in the regional Red Book. The lichen biota of the nature reserve includes 20 species from the preliminary list of indicator species of biologically valuable forest communities in the subzone of coniferous-broadleaved forests. Ecological-substrate analysis showed that most lichens are epiphytic. Epigeic and epilithic species are less common. Among epiphytes the biggest species richness was observed on aspen and birch, and the greatest number of unique species were found on aspen, pine and bird cherry. The greatest diversity of lichens is noted for coniferous and coniferous-broadleaved forests, which are both more widespread communities and communities that are more diverse in the tree species composition.

Keywords: lichens and allied fungi, biodiversity, indicator species, protected species, protected areas, Moscow Region

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PHYTOMASS AND CARBON POOLS OF SPRUCE PHYTOCENOSIS IN RUSSIA AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

lena — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:37:18 +0000

N. S. Ryabov

Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems of the KSC RAS

Akademgorodok, 14A, Apatity 184209, Russian Federation

E-mail: n.ryabov@ksc.ru

Received 23.05.2026

Revised: 18.06.2026

Accepted: 22.06.2026

Global climate change, directly linked to continuously rising concentrations of greenhouse gases, necessitates the refinement and updating of our understanding of the climate-regulating role of forest ecosystems. Phytomass – including standing trees, undergrowth and understory, and forest floor vegetation – plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through its capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon and provide long-term carbon storage. This article provides a review of available data on phytomass and phytomass carbon stocks in spruce forests of Russia and several European countries. Using the Murmansk region as a case study, we examine the key characteristics and critical factors influencing the spatial distribution and formation of phytomass carbon pools. We further articulate the rationale for comprehensive research on the productivity and carbon allocation within the main phytomass pools of spruce phytocenoses.

Кeywords: carbon stocks, biomass, forest phytocenoses, spruce forests, northern taiga, Murmansk region, Arctic

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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE DECOMPOSITION RATE OF PLANT LITTER IN MIDDLE-TAIGA SPRUCE FORESTS AND IN CLEAR-CUT AREAS

lena — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:06:09 +0000

N. V. Likhanova

Syktyvkar forest institute

Lenin st. 39, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, Russian Federation

E-mail: lihanad@mail.ru

Received: 01.06.2026

Revised: 08.06.2026

Accepted: 10.06.2026

The presented work provides an assessment of the rate of decomposition of plant litter in middle-taiga spruce forests of the moist bilberry type and the polytric-sphagnum type, as well as in 4–6-year-old clear-cut areas in the Republic of Komi. The features of the component composition of plant litter and its chemical transformations during decomposition in spruce forests and clear-cut areas were studied. It was found that in spruce forests litter from woody plants predominates (76–84%), whereas in clear-cut areas there is a replacement of woody plant litter (11–12%) by litter from ground vegetation (88–89%). The total litter stock in clear-cut areas naturally decreases to 3.1–3.6 t ha^-1 year^-1. The chemical composition of litter shows species-specific characteristics. One-year-old spruce needles actively accumulate nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, while with increasing age the concentrations of calcium, silicon, manganese, and aluminum increase. Pine needles are characterized by higher potassium content and lower nitrogen and phosphorus content, and they are richer in calcium, silicon, manganese, and aluminum. Birch leaves exceed needles in the content of most macro- and microelements. Among ground vegetation species, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) is characterized by high nitrogen and calcium content, herbaceous plants are characterized by higher potassium and silicon content, mosses – by potassium and magnesium content. The decrease in the content of key nutrient elements in plant litter at the final stages of ontogenesis reflects a slowdown in metabolic processes. It was noted that the chemical composition of spruce needles differs significantly depending on growing conditions (spruce forests vs. clear-cut areas), which may contribute to increased differentiation. The results show that, despite generally low mineralization rates, the decomposition of plant litter proceeds more intensively in cutting areas between skidding roads than in spruce forests. This is associated with altered abiotic conditions and the predominance of ground vegetation litter. The study reveals patterns of plant litter transformation in disturbed ecosystems and emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the dynamics of organic matter decomposition and forest floor formation in clear-cut spruce forest areas.

Keywords: middle taiga, spruce forests, clear-cutting, plant residues, quality of litter, decomposition of litter

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SELECTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL FOR CREATION OF FOREST CROPS AT INTENSIFICATION OF FOREST REPRODUCTION

lena — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 08:36:44 +0000

S. V. Gorbunova^*, S. A. Korchagov

Northern Research Institute of Forestry

Nikitova st., 13, Arkhangelsk 163062, Russian Federation

^*E-mail: svetlana.bobushkina@sevniilh-arh.ru

Received 09.06.2026

Revised: 17.06.2026

Accepted: 22.06.2026

Low productivity, decline of resource and ecological potential of forests prompts to search for ways to overcome this state of the forest sector of the Russian Federation. One step in this direction is the intensification of reforestation. In our country, the use of containerized seedlings is increasing with artificial forest restoration. Despite some advantages of containerized planting stock over traditional, there is mixed feedback on the effectiveness of growing ball-rooted seedlings in various conditions. In addition, it is more expensive than seedlings with a bare root system. The purpose of the study is a comparative assessment of planting material for reforestation during the intensification of forest management. To achieve this, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, special attention was paid to the preservation, growth, condition of forest crops created from different types of planting material, as well as factors affecting these indicators in the regions of the country. The objects of pine forest cultures in the Arkhangelsk region were examined. The average diameter and height were determined, as well as the survivability and preservation of plantings created by various planting materials according to generally accepted methods. In Buryatia and the Altai Territory, chemotropism had a negative effect on the survival of containerized seedlings, and in Tatarstan, the heavy granulometric composition of soils. In the Kirov region, Belarus, and the Republic of Mari El, the values of survival and biometric parameters of forest crops from containerized seedlings and traditional ones are close. At the same time, in Karelia, on untreated soil, traditional seedlings were superior in all respects to plants with a closed root system, and on a site with prepared soil, ball-rooted seedlings were in the lead under the same conditions. In addition to the type of planting material, according to the results of research in the Altai Territory, the Republic of Buryatia, Tatarstan, Voronezh, Kirov regions, the Republics of Mari El and Karelia, a significant impact on the success of soil preparation crops, the quality of planting work and the planting material itself, climatic conditions, especially in the year of planting. Our research proves the above. In addition, the negative effects of vegetation growth with deciduous rocks, damage by herbaceous animals, snowman and snowball have been noted. Thus, when planning reforestation work in intensive forestry, a significant set of factors must be considered, contrary to the advantages of containerized seedlings over traditional ones, in extreme soil and weather conditions, its survivability can be significantly reduced.

Кeywords: forest crops, ball-rooted planting stock, seedlings, saplings, pine, intensification of reforestation

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CARBON STOCKS IN SOILS OF PROTECTIVE FORESTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

lena — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 08:17:04 +0000

R. R. Baiturina^*, L. R. Salimyanova, A. N. Khasanov

Bashkir State Agrarian University
50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 34, Ufa 450001, Russian Federation

^*E-mail: aspirant_bsau@mail.ru

Received: 06.04.2026

Revised: 11.06.2026

Accepted: 19.06.2026

The article provides quantitative estimates of organic carbon stocks in the soils and forest litter of protective forests in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The aim of the study is to quantify carbon pools in soils and forest litter of the main forest-forming species in the region. The research objects were stands of the Dmitrievskoe and Ufa Forest Districts dominated by small-leaved lime, silver birch, aspen, Siberian larch and common ash. Field sampling and laboratory analysis revealed that soil organic carbon stocks range from 3.4 kg C m^–² (light gray forest soils) to 16.4 kg C m^–² (dark gray forest soils). Dark gray forest soils and chernozems accumulate more than 80% of the total carbon stock in the forest district. Forest soils accumulate 17.8% more carbon compared to similar soils in non-forested areas. Forest litter contributes significantly to the carbon balance: maximum stocks were recorded in larch stands (7.3 t C ha^-1), minimum – in ash-dominated stands (3.78 t C ha^-1). The removal of forest litter was experimentally proven to lead to a statistically significant decrease in humus content in the upper 10-cm layer by 34% and a twofold reduction in earthworm abundance. The study confirms the key role of forest ecosystems, especially mature forests on fertile soils, in carbon sequestration and emphasizes the need to preserve forest litter as a crucial component of the carbon pool. The obtained data are of practical importance for the development of regional forest management programs aimed at mitigating climate change impacts.

Keywords: soil organic carbon, forest litter, carbon balance, protective forests, urban forests, soil fertility, Republic of Bashkortostan, carbon sequestration.

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